Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Repro A 2017
Repro A 2017
Repro A 2017
HEP
Dr T Taderera
tadereratafadzwa@gmail.com
GnRH
(In hypothalamo-pituitary portal
vessels)
+
Anterior pituitary
- Secretes FSH & LH
FSH & LH
gonads
Secrete Gametes
sex hormones +
Sex hormones
Reproductive tract
and other organs
respond to sex hormones
3 T Taderera
Reproductive System
7 T Taderera
Differentiation cntd…
• Testes (sertoli & leydig cells)
• For Mull duct degeneration, MIS should be
produced by Sertoli cells to cause apoptosis.
• Testosterone from Leydig cells fosters
development of the wolffian duct system and later
after conversion to DHT the external genitalia
• In the absence of MIS no regression of Mullerian
system so fallopian tube & uterus develop
• In the absence of testosterone the Wolffian ducts
degenerate and a vagina ++ develops
• Ovaries have no role in the developmental
processes 8 T Taderera
Male sex differentiation
XY Chromosome
Primordial gonads
Differentiation into fetal testes
Sertoli Leydig
cells cells
Mullerian-Inhibiting
Substance (MIS) Testosterone
Primordial gonads
Differentiation into fetal ovaries
Absence of (MIS)
Absence of Testosterone
Mullerian ducts
Transformation to:
•Uterus
Development of
•Fallopian tubes •Outer vagina
•Inner vagina •Female external
Wolffian ducts
regression genitalia
10 T Taderera
Correlates
A hermaphrodite
Androgen insensitivity
cryptochidism
Figure 26.3a
The Penis
Figure 26.8
B
Meiosis
Figure 26.6
Spermatogenesis
Figure 26.9a
C
Hormonal Regulation of Testicular
Function
• The hypothalamus releases gonadotropin-
releasing hormone (GnRH)
• GnRH stimulates the anterior pituitary to
secrete FSH and LH
– FSH causes sertoli cells to release androgen-binding
protein (ABP)
– LH stimulates interstitial cells to release
testosterone
• ABP binding of testosterone enhances
spermatogenesis
Hormonal Regulation of Testicular
Function
• Feedback inhibition
on the
hypothalamus and
pituitary results
from:
– Rising levels of
testosterone
– Increased inhibin
Figure 26.10
Mechanism and Effects of Testosterone Activity
Figure 26.14a
Ovaries
Figure 26.12a
Uterine Tubes
Figure 26.16
External Genitalia: Vulva
(Pudendum)
• Lies external to the vagina and includes the mons
pubis, labia, clitoris, and vestibular structures
• Mons pubis – round, fatty area overlying the
pubic symphysis
• Labia majora – elongated, hair-covered, fatty skin
folds homologous to the male scrotum
• Labia minora – hair-free skin folds lying within the
labia majora; homologous to the ventral penis
External Genitalia: Vulva
(Pudendum)
• Greater vestibular glands
– Pea-size glands flanking the vagina
– Homologous to the bulbourethral glands
– Keep the vestibule moist and lubricated
• Clitoris
– Erectile tissue hooded by the prepuce
– Homologous to the penis
Mammary Glands
• Modified sweat glands consisting of 15-25 lobes
that radiate around and open at the nipple
• Areola – pigmented skin surrounding the nipple
• Suspensory ligaments attach the breast to
underlying muscle fascia
• Lobes contain glandular alveoli that produce
milk in lactating women
• Compound alveolar glands pass milk to
lactiferous ducts, which open to the outside
Breast Cancer
• Usually arises from the epithelial cells of the
ducts
• Risk factors include:
– Early onset of menses or late menopause
– No pregnancies or the first pregnancy late in life
– Previous history of breast cancer or family history of
breast cancer
– Hereditary factors such as mutations to a pair of
genes BRCA1 and BRCA2
• 70% of women with breast cancer had no
known risk factors
Breast Cancer: Detection and
Treatment
• Early detection is by self-examination and
mammography
• Treatment depends upon the characteristics of
the lesion
• Radiation, chemotherapy, and surgery
followed by irradiation and chemotherapy
Oogenesis
Figure 26.19
Ovarian Cycle
Figure 26.20
Ovulation
Figure 26.22a, b
Gonadotropins, Hormones, and the Ovarian and
Uterine Cycles
Figure 26.22c ,d
Extrauterine Effects of Estrogens and Progesterone
92 T Taderera
CONTRACEPTION
Various methods:
• It is any method of Sterilisation
preventing Combined pill (COCs)
Progesterone only pill
pregnancy besides (POPs)
ABSTINENCE Depo Provera
• Preg said to begin Jadelle
after implantation IUD
Condom
Diaphragm
Spermicides
Natural (safe period)
Coitus interruptus
T Taderera 93
All the best!!!
94 T Taderera