Magnetic Particle

Testing

Test Methods

INTEC TRAINING & CERTIFICATION

SDN BHD
 1. Surface Preparation
 Physical Methods  Chemical Methods
Capable of removing Chemical reactions to remove
contaminants on the surface
but not in the defects

• Scale • Oils and Greases

• Slag
• Corrosion
products
• Carbon INTEC TRAINING & CERTIFICATION
SDN BHD
 Pre-Cleaning
Contaminants:
Produce spurious
indications

INTEC TRAINING & CERTIFICATION

SDN BHD
 Chemical Methods
Hot Solvent Degreasing

Solvent

Components

Heating
Element

INTEC TRAINING & CERTIFICATION

SDN BHD
 Vapour Degreasing

Components Condensor

ur
po
va
vapour

Solvent
Drip Tray
Heating
Element

The most effective method for degreasing

INTEC TRAINING & CERTIFICATION
SDN BHD
 Steam Cleaning
 For large objects

INTEC TRAINING & CERTIFICATION

SDN BHD
 Chemical Methods
Other methods
 Cold solvent
Degreasing
 Solvent materials with
Emulsifiers
 Acid / Alkaline
Cleaning
 Paint Removal

 Ultrasonic Cleaning

INTEC TRAINING & CERTIFICATION

SDN BHD
Ultrasonic Cleaning

Solvent/
water
Components

Ultrasonic
Crystal

INTEC TRAINING & CERTIFICATION

SDN BHD
 MPI Equipment
Portable Fixed
 Permanent magnet  Current flow

 Electromagnet  Magnetic flow

 Prods  Rigid coil

 Flexible coil  Induced current

 Flexible cable
 Clamps and leeches
Mobile

INTEC TRAINING & CERTIFICATION

SDN BHD
 Permanent Magnet
Longitudinal field between poles (direct
magnetisation): Flux flow
Area of indications: a circle between the poles

INTEC TRAINING & CERTIFICATION

SDN BHD
 Permanent Magnet
Advantages
 No power supply
 No electrical
contact problems
 Inexpensive
 No damage to test
piece
 Lightweight
Disadvantages
 Direct field only
 Deteriorate over time
 No control over field
strength
 Poles attract detecting
media
 Tiring to use

INTEC TRAINING & CERTIFICATION

SDN BHD
INTEC TRAINING & CERTIFICATION
SDN BHD
 Electromagnetic Yoke

A.C. ELECTROMAGNETIC YOKE

INTEC TRAINING & CERTIFICATION

SDN BHD
 Electromagnets
Soft iron laminates within a coil.

INTEC TRAINING & CERTIFICATION

SDN BHD
 Magnetic Particle Testing
Usage of electromagnetic yoke with black ink on weld

INTEC TRAINING & CERTIFICATION

SDN BHD
 Electromagnets
Advantages Disadvantages
 AC,DC or rectified  Power supply required

 Controllable field  Longitudinal field

strength only
 No harm to test piece  Carry mains supply

 Can be used to  Poles attract particles

demagnetise  Legs must have area
 Easily removed contact

INTEC TRAINING & CERTIFICATION

SDN BHD
INTEC TRAINING & CERTIFICATION
SDN BHD
 Prods
• Current passed between 2 contacts.
• Defects detected parallel to contacts

Field

Current

Defects

INTEC TRAINING & CERTIFICATION

SDN BHD
 Prods
Current
• 7500 amps per metre of prod spacing
• 7.5 amps per mm of prod spacing
• Circular field

INTEC TRAINING & CERTIFICATION

SDN BHD
 Prods
Current
• 4700 amps per metre of prod spacing
• Elliptical field

INTEC TRAINING & CERTIFICATION

SDN BHD
 Prods
Current
• 3750 amps per metre of prod spacing
• Narrow strip

INTEC TRAINING & CERTIFICATION

SDN BHD
 Prods
Advantages Disadvantages
 AC,DC or rectified  Arcing / damage to

 Controllable field work piece

strength  Transformer required
 No poles attract  Current can be
particles switched on without
 Control of amperage creating field
 Good contact required
 2 man operation
INTEC TRAINING & CERTIFICATION
SDN BHD
 Flexible Cable
 Flexible, current carrying cable
Used as
 Adjacent cable
 Threading cable
 Flexible coil

INTEC TRAINING & CERTIFICATION

SDN BHD
 Adjacent Cable
 Defects located parallel to cable
 I = 30 d
 Return cable separated by 10d

INTEC TRAINING & CERTIFICATION

SDN BHD
 Flexible Coil
 I = 7.5(T + Y2 / 4T) for DC
 I = 7.5(10 + Y2 / 40) for AC

INTEC TRAINING & CERTIFICATION

SDN BHD
 Flexible Cable

Advantages Disadvantages
 Simple to operate  Difficult to keep

 No danger of cables in place

burning  High currents

 AC,DC or rectified required

 Transformer required
 Current adjustable

INTEC TRAINING & CERTIFICATION

SDN BHD
INTEC TRAINING & CERTIFICATION
SDN BHD
 Fixed Equipment
 Current flow
 Magnetic flow
 Coil
 Threading bar

INTEC TRAINING & CERTIFICATION

SDN BHD
 Current Flow
Current passed through sample
• 7.5 amps / mm diameter
or
• 2.4 amps / mm perimeter
Defects

Current
Circular
Field
INTEC TRAINING & CERTIFICATION
SDN BHD
 Magnetic Flow
Magnetism passed through sample

Defects

Magnetism

Field strength assesses by flux indicator

INTEC TRAINING & CERTIFICATION
SDN BHD
 Rigid Coil
Current passed through coil to generate a
longitudinal field
Defects

Magnetism

K
NI 
L/D
INTEC TRAINING & CERTIFICATION
SDN BHD
 Rigid Coil
K K
NI  I
L/D L / D N
 N = Number of turns in coil
 K = 32,000 for DC
22,000 for AC or FWR
11,000 for HWR
 L/D = Length / Diameter
INTEC TRAINING & CERTIFICATION
SDN BHD
 Rigid Coil Conditions
 Cross section of test piece <10% of Coil
 Test piece must lie against side or bottom
 Only testing region within coil
 L / D must be between 5 and 20

INTEC TRAINING & CERTIFICATION

SDN BHD
 Threading Bar
 Current passed through brass bar placed
between heads of bench unit
 Circular field generated around bar
 Sample hung from bar

INTEC TRAINING & CERTIFICATION

SDN BHD
 Threading Bar
 R = I / 15 for General engineering
 R = I / 56 for aerospace

Increase the amps and increase

R the test area

INTEC TRAINING & CERTIFICATION

SDN BHD
 Threading Bar
Component placed within field and rotated for
complete coverage

INTEC TRAINING & CERTIFICATION

SDN BHD
Control and Maintenance Checks
To ensure equipment,ancillaries and materials
are up to standard
• Ink
• Lighting conditions
• Magnetising units

INTEC TRAINING & CERTIFICATION

SDN BHD
 Viewing Conditions
COLOUR CONTRAST PENETRANT
Day light or artificial
White Light
ILLUMINATION:

Minimum 500 LUX

INTEC TRAINING & CERTIFICATION

SDN BHD
 Viewing Conditions
FLUORESCENT PENETRANT
5 minutes minimum for Ambient
operator’s eyes become dark- Background
adapted Lighting
Maximum 10 lux

UV-A IRRADIANCE
800µW / cm² Minimum
Or 0.8 mW/cm²

INTEC TRAINING & CERTIFICATION

SDN BHD
Control and Maintenance Checks
 Ink settlement

INTEC TRAINING & CERTIFICATION

SDN BHD
 Ink Settlement Test
Fluorescent Ink
 0.1 - 0.3 %UK Non-Fluorescent Ink
 1.25 - 3.5 % UK
 0.1 - 0.7 %USA
 1.2 - 2.4 %USA

INTEC TRAINING & CERTIFICATION

SDN BHD
Control and Maintenance Checks
 Ink settlement
 Fluorescent ink check
 Equipment performance check

INTEC TRAINING & CERTIFICATION

SDN BHD
 Equipment Performance Checks
 Current flow test piece
 Magnetic flow test piece
 Cracked component

INTEC TRAINING & CERTIFICATION

SDN BHD
Control and Maintenance Checks
 Ink settlement
 Fluorescent ink check
 Equipment performance check
 Viewing efficiency
 Magnetising unit
 Unit tank levels
 Unit ammeters
 Demagnetiser
INTEC TRAINING & CERTIFICATION
SDN BHD
 Control Check Frequency
 Settlement test Daily
 Fluorescent intensity Weekly
 Test piece Daily
 Viewing efficiency Monthly

INTEC TRAINING & CERTIFICATION

SDN BHD
 Maintenance Check Frequency
 Magnetising units Weekly
 Tank levels Daily
 UV lamp Monthly
 Ammeters 6 monthly
 Demagnetiser 6 monthly

INTEC TRAINING & CERTIFICATION

SDN BHD