Magnetic Particle

Inspection

Part 2

INTEC TRAINING & CERTIFICATION

SDN BHD
 Test Methods
 Continuous or Residual
 Fluorescent or Visible
 Wet or Dry

INTEC TRAINING & CERTIFICATION

SDN BHD
 Continuous or Residual
Continuous Method
 Detecting media applied whilst current is
flowing
Residual
 Detecting media applied after the current
has ceased
 Requires high retentivity

 Less sensitive than continuous

Application of detecting media: 300mm minimum

INTEC TRAINING & CERTIFICATION
SDN BHD
 Fluorescent or Visible
Fluorescent Visible
 Detecting media  No special lighting

dye coated required

 More sensitive  Higher concentration

 Less tiring for of particles

operators
 Better for batch
inspections

INTEC TRAINING & CERTIFICATION

SDN BHD
 Fluorescent
Fluorescent : Material with the ability to convert
one wavelength to another.

365nm 570nm

UV Light Visible Light

Fluorescent Dye

INTEC TRAINING & CERTIFICATION

SDN BHD
 Fluorescence and the
Electromagnetic Spectrum
365nm
570nm
Absorbs Emits Dual

Convert

Fluorescent Dye

10 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 nm

ULTRAVIOLET VISIBLE

INTEC TRAINING & CERTIFICATION

SDN BHD
 Fluorescence
UV-A Source :
Mercury vapour arc
lamp
+

Filter
Precautions
• Avoid looking directly at the lamp
• Do not use if filter is cracked, damaged or
incorrectly fitted
INTEC TRAINING & CERTIFICATION
SDN BHD
 Electromagnetic Spectrum
100 -280nm 280 – 315nm
A Damaged
UV-C UV-B UV-A Black Light Emits

315 - 400nm
10 100 200 300 400 500 600 700
ULTRAVIOLET VISIBLE

INTEC TRAINING & CERTIFICATION

SDN BHD
 Fluorescent v Colour Contrast
 Fluorescent more
sensitive
 Less operator fatigue
with fluorescent
 Fluorescent more
expensive
 Fluorescent requires UV
lighting

INTEC TRAINING & CERTIFICATION

SDN BHD
 Dry or Wet Detecting Media
DRY WET
 Iron particles  Iron oxide
 <200 microns  <100 microns
(BS4069)  Colour contrast of
 Colours vary for fluorescent
contrast against  Water or kerosene
component based
 Hot components, root  Concentration
cut backs and sub- important
surface INTEC TRAINING & CERTIFICATION
SDN BHD
 Detecting Media
 Particle size <10 microns
 Density Remain in
suspension for >8hrs
 Shape Spheres,discs,flakes
 Magnetic properties High permeability
Low coercivity
 Mobility High
 Visibility High
 Durability High for fluorescent
INTEC TRAINING & CERTIFICATION
SDN BHD
 Current Types
 Direct current
 Alternating current
 Half wave rectified
current
 Full wave rectified

INTEC TRAINING & CERTIFICATION

SDN BHD
 Direct Current
+

Advantages Disadvantages
 Sub-surface defects can be  No agitation of particles

detectable  Less sensitive to surface

 Availability from batteries defects

INTEC TRAINING & CERTIFICATION

SDN BHD
 Direct Current: Field
distribution

Penetration of flux deeper

into the material

INTEC TRAINING & CERTIFICATION

Ferromagnetic SDN BHD
 Alternating Current

Advantages Disadvantages
 Availability  Will not detect
 Sensitivity to surface sub-surface
defects defects
 Agitation of particles
INTEC TRAINING & CERTIFICATION
SDN BHD
 A.C. : Field distribution

Concentration of flux on the surface

of material
Penetration 1 to 2 mm only

Ferromagnetic INTEC TRAINING & CERTIFICATION

SDN BHD
A.C. : Field distribution

A.C. ELECTROMAGNETIC YOKE

INTEC TRAINING & CERTIFICATION

SDN BHD
A.C. : Field distribution
Alternating Current in a
coil will induce eddy
current in the material

INTEC TRAINING & CERTIFICATION

SDN BHD
A.C. : Field distribution
Eddy Current causes
SKIN EFFECT
A.C. ELECTROMAGNETIC YOKE
Skin effect reduces
penetration of flux

Only occurs with

alternating
current

INTEC TRAINING & CERTIFICATION

SDN BHD
 D.C. Electromagnet

A.C. ELECTROMAGNETIC YOKE

Penetration is deeper
No eddy current : No skin effect

INTEC TRAINING & CERTIFICATION

SDN BHD
A.C. : Field distribution
Laminated

INTEC TRAINING & CERTIFICATION

SDN BHD
 Half Wave Rectified Current
+

-
Advantages Disadvantages
 Penetration like DC  Sensitivity to
 Agitation surface defects
 Ease of production lower than AC
 High flux density for
INTEC TRAINING & CERTIFICATION
SDN BHD
 Full Wave Rectified Current

Advantages Disadvantages
 Penetration like DC  Sensitivity to
 Agitation surface defects
lower than AC
INTEC TRAINING & CERTIFICATION
SDN BHD
Single Phase Full Wave Rectified

INTEC TRAINING & CERTIFICATION

SDN BHD
 3 Phase Full Wave Rectified

INTEC TRAINING & CERTIFICATION

SDN BHD