Musculoskeletal

System
PGI EKP
Musculoskeletal system
The musculoskeletal system is a complex system
in the human body that includes :
● Muscles
● Bones
● Joints
● Tendons
● Ligaments
Muscles
3 types of Muscles
The three types of muscles are:
● Skeletal
● Smooth
● Cardiac
Skeletal Muscle
Structure:
● Attached to bones and composed of long
muscle fibers bundled together.
Control:
● VOLUNTARY / Under conscious
control
Function
● Responsible for voluntary movements
○ Walking
○ Running
○ Facial expressions
 Smooth Muscle
Structure
● Spindle-shaped appearance
Control
● NOT under conscious control or
involuntary
Function
● Control involuntary functions of
internal organs (i.e peristalsis)
Cardiac Muscle
- Also called heart muscle

Control
● Involuntary
Function
● responsible for pumping blood
throughout the circulatory system
Bones
Bone
Classification of Bones
Long Bones
Short Bones
Smallest bone - Stapes
Flat Bones
Irregular Bones
Longest Bone Smallest bone
Functions of Bone

● Shape and support to the body

● Provide surface for the attachment
of muscles, tendons, ligaments etc,
● Protective function
● Produce blood cells
Joints,
Tendon &
Ligaments
Joints
- Where two bones meet
- 3 main types:
Tendon
- Attach muscles to bones
- When a muscle contracts , it pulls
on a bone to cause movement,
Ligaments

- Connective tissues that connect

bone to bone

- Provide stability and help

prevent excessive movements
or dislocation.
Musculoskeletal Disorders
Tendonitis
- Inflammation of tendon

Causes:
○ occurs due to repetitive stress or
overuse of a particular tendon.
This can result from various
activities such as sports, manual
labor.
Symptoms:
○ Pain, tenderness & swelling in
affected area
Osteoarthritis
● most common type of arthritis and
primarily affects joints.
● It is characterized by the breakdown
of cartilage, the cushioning tissue
that covers the ends of bones in a
joint.
Causes and Risk factors:
● Aging
● Genetics
● Joint injuries
● Obesity
Symptoms:
● Joint pain & swelling
Rheumatoid Arthritis
● autoimmune disease that
significantly affects joint.

● In this condition, the immune

system mistakenly targets the
synovium that envelop and protect
joints.
Symptoms:
○ Joint pain
○ Swelling
○ Morning stiffness
Osteoporosis
● a condition characterized by a decrease in
bone density and quality, making bones
brittle and prone to fractures.
Causes:
● Aging
● Hormonal changes
● Nutritional deficiencies

Symptoms:
● Increased fracture risk
● Back pain
● Loss of height
● Easily fatigued
Bone Fractures
● a medical condition characterized by a
break or crack in a bone.

Causes:
● Trauma (falls, sport injuries, motor
vehicular accidents)
● Osteoporosis
● Bone Infection

Symptoms:
● Pain
● Swelling
● Bruising
● Deformity
Muscular Dystrophy
● an inherited disorder that causes muscle
weakness and degeneration
● Types:
○ Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy
(DMD)
○ Becker Muscular Dystrophy
(BMD)
○ Facioscapulohumeral Muscular
Dystrophy (FSHD)
○ Limb-Girdle Muscular Dystrophy
(LGMD)
Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy
● one of the most severe forms of
inherited muscular dystrophies.
● Mutations in the dystrophin gene lead
to progressive muscle fiber
degeneration and weakness
● become apparent in early childhood,
often between the ages of 3 and 5
years.
Symptoms:
- muscle weakness
- loss of motor skills
- respiratory issues
Thank you for
listening!!!