TISSUES

L. DYMON
BSCNM/CME
 Broad Objective

To equip students with

knowledge on tissues and their
functions in human body
 Specific Objectives

By the end of this lesson, students

should be able to;
 Describe types of tissues
 Explain process of tissue repair
 Describe different body
membranes
 Introduction

 Tissues are made from collection of

same type of cells
 Histology is the science that study
tissues
 Are classified according to shape,
size & functions
 They promote homeostasis by
providing diverse functions like
 Protection & support
 Communication among cells, and
resistance to disease
 TYPES OF TISSUES

There are 4 of them;

Epithelial
Connective
Muscular
Nervous
 1. Epithelial Tissue

 Consists of cells arranged in continuous

sheets, in either single or multiple layers
 Covers body surfaces
 Lines hollow organs, body cavities, and
ducts.
 It also forms glands
 General Characteristics

 Closely attached to each other

forming a protective barrier
 Always has one free surface open to
outside the body or inside
 Has no blood vessels but can soak
up nutrients from blood vessels in
connective tissues underneath
 Very good at regenerating itself
 Classification
According to thickness
Simple- one layer
Stratified- more than one layer of cells
According to shape
Squamous-wider than tall
Cuboidal- as tall as wide
Columnar- taler than wide
According to location & function
Covering and lining epithelium
 ducts, blood vessels and body
cavities
Glandular epithelium
 thyroid gland, adrenal and sweat
glands
Squamous
 Composed of a single layer of flattened cells
 Cells fits close together like flat stones that form
thin membranes
 Diffusion is faster
 Heart
 Blood vessels
 Lung alveoli
 Functions of epithelial
tissues
 To protect the tissues that lie beneath it
 Regulation and exchange of chemicals
between the underlying tissues & body cavity
 To provide sensation
 Secretory surfaces that release products
produced by the cells onto their free
surfaces
 2. Connective Tissues

 Most abundant and widely

distributed tissues in the body
 Connective tissue consists of
two basic elements:
extracellular matrix
cells.
 A connective tissue’s extracellular matrix is
the material located between its widely
spaced cells (protein fibers and ground
substance)
 They have rich supply of blood except
cartilage and tendons
 Functions of Connective
Tissues
 It binds together, supports, and
strengthens other body tissues
 Holding body films
 Defending the body against infection- work
of macrophages, plasms cells, WBCs
 Serves as the major transport system
within the body (blood, a fluid connective
tissue)
 Classifications

 Loose
 Areolar, adipose
 Cartilage
 fibrocartilage
 Bone
 Compact & spongy
 Blood
 3. Muscular Tissue

 Consists of elongated cells called muscle

fibers or myocytes
 Use ATP to generate force.
 Muscular tissue;
 produces body movements
 maintains posture
 generates heat.
• Basically 3 types;
 Skeletal
 Cardiac
 Smooth
Skeletal Muscle Tissues
Long, cylindrical, striated fibers with many
peripherally located nuclei; voluntary
control.
Usually attached to bones by tendons.
Function: Motion, posture, heat production,
and protection
Cardiac muscle tissue
Branched striated fibers with one or two
centrally located nuclei; contains
intercalated discs; involuntary control.
Location: Heart wall.
Function: Pumps blood to all parts of the
body
Smooth Muscle Tissue
Spindle-shaped, nonstriated fibers with one
centrally located nucleus; involuntary
control.
Location: Iris of the eyes, walls of hollow
internal structures such as blood vessels,
airways to the lungs, stomach, intestines,
gallbladder, urinary bladder, and uterus.
Function:
 Motion (constriction of blood vessels and
airways, propulsion of foods through
gastrointestinal tract, contraction of
urinary bladder and gallbladder).
 4. Nervous Tissue

 These types of tissues are found in nervous

system
 There are two types;
Excitable cells-neurons
Non excitable cells-neuroglia.
 Neurons, or nerve cells, are sensitive
to various stimuli.
They convert stimuli into electrical
signals called action potentials (nerve
impulses)
 TISSUE REPAIR

 Tissue repair is the replacement of worn-

out, damaged, or dead cells.
 Often have parent original tissues that
enhances mitosis
 Regeneration depends on type of tissues
 Epithelial cells, which endure
considerable wear and tear (and even
injury) in some locations, have a
continuous capacity for renewal.
 In some cases, immature, undifferentiated
cells called stem cells divide to replace
lost or damaged cells.
 Some connective tissues also have a
continuous capacity for renewal.
One example is bone. Connective tissues
such as cartilage can replenish cells much
less readily, in part because of a smaller
blood supply.
 Muscular tissue has a relatively poor
capacity for renewal of lost cells.
 Even though skeletal muscle tissue
contains stem cells called satellite
cells, they do not divide rapidly
enough to replace extensively
damaged muscle fibers.
 Nervous tissue has the poorest
capacity for renewal.
Although experiments have revealed
the presence of some stem cells in the
brain, they normally do not undergo
mitosis to replace damaged neurons.
 Assignment
• Explain 3 factors that
affect tissue repair.
 BODY MEMBRANES

 Membranes are flat sheets of epithelial tissue

and their supporting connective
 They include;
Mucous
Synovial
Serous
Cutaneous
 There are three places where serous
membranes are found.
 These are;
Pericardium
Pleura
peritoneum
 Synovial Membrane

 This membrane is found lining joint cavities

and surrounding tendons which could be
injured by rubbing bones with each other

 They secrete clear, sticky and oil synovial

fluids which acts as lubricants to the joint