Z-Transformation

lecture 10

1
Introduction

2
 Introduction

The z-transform is an important signal-processing tool for

analyzing the interaction between signals and systems. A
significant advantage of the z-transform over the discrete-time
Fourier transform is that the z-transform exists for many signals
that do not have a discrete-time Fourier transform. Thus, it is a
more general analysis tool.

3
 Introduction
For the sake of analyzing continuous-time linear time-invariant
(LTI) system, Laplace transformation is utilized. And z-
transform is applied for the analysis of
discrete-time LTI system. The variable used in the Laplace
transform is s, which represents complex frequency, i.e., it is
frequency with a real and imaginary part:

You can think of the z-transform as a discrete-time version of

the Laplace transform. We use the variable z, which is complex,
instead of s, and by applying the z-transform to a sequence of
data points, we create an expression that allows us to perform
frequency-domain analysis of discrete-time signals.
4
 Introduction
The bilateral (two sided) z-transform of a discrete time signal
x(n) is given as

The unilateral (one sided) Z-transform of a discrete time signal

x(n) is given as

z-transform may exist for some signals for which Discrete Time
Fourier Transform (DTFT) does not exist.

5
 Introduction
Generally, when a signal is z-transformed, it can be represented
as −

or,

Z transform is a non-finite power series as summing index

number n changes from -∞ to ∞. The values of z for which
function X(z) is finite and lie down inside the region named as
“region of convergence (ROC)”. In Summary ROC of X(z) is the
set of values of z for which X(z) attains a finite value.
6
 The Region of Convergence
The region of convergence, known as the ROC, is important to
understand because it defines the region where the z-transform
exists. The z-transform of a sequence is defined as

must be satisfied for convergence.

N.B. Converge Mean when it will give finite value 7

Property 1: The ROC of the Z-transform is a ring or
disc in the z-plane centered at the origin.

ROC of z-transform is indicated with circle in z-plane.

8
 Property 2: The ROC cannot contain any
poles

The ROC cannot contain any poles. By definition a pole is

where X(z) is infinite. Since X(z) must be finite for all z for
convergence, there cannot be a pole in the ROC.

9
 Property3: If x(n) is a finite duration causal sequence or
right sided sequence, then the ROC is entire z-plane except
at z = 0.

10
For Finite duration, right-sided (causal) signal

11
For Finite duration, right-sided (causal) signal

12
Property 4: If x(n) is a finite duration anti-causal sequence
or left sided sequence, then the ROC is entire z-plane
except at z = ∞.
ROC for finite duration, left-sided (anti causal) signal:

13
ROC for finite duration, left-sided (anti causal) signal:

14
ROC for finite duration, left-sided (anti causal) signal:

15
 Property 5: f x(n) is a infinite duration causal sequence, ROC
is exterior of the circle with radius r. i.e. |z| > r.
ROC for Infinite duration, right-sided (causal) signal:

Infinite duration rights-sided signal

Z-Transformation of x[n]:

16
If x(n) is a infinite duration causal sequence, ROC is exterior
of the circle with radius a. i.e. |z| > r.

X(z) should be finite value, it should not be infinite.

17
 If x(n) is a infinite duration causal sequence, ROC is exterior
of the circle with radius a. i.e. |z| > r.

The condition to be satisfied for the convergence of X(z):

This is the condition for the convergence of x(z).

18
If x(n) is a infinite duration causal sequence, ROC is
exterior of the circle with radius a. i.e. |z| > r.

19
If x(n) is a infinite duration causal sequence, ROC is
exterior of the circle with radius r. i.e. |z| > r.

The term mode of r represents the circle a the radius r

in the z plane. From the above analysis we can say that
X(z) convergence for all points external to the circle
radius in the z plane. Outside the circle any point x(z)
will give a finite value, but inside the circle x(z) will
be infinite.

In summary, X(z) is exterior of the circle of radius r in

the z plane.

20
Property 6. If x(n) is a infinite duration anti-causal sequence,
ROC is interior of the circle with radius r. i.e. |z| < r.

21
If x(n) is a infinite duration anti-causal sequence,
ROC is interior of the circle with radius r. i.e. |z| < r

22
If x(n) is a infinite duration anti-causal sequence,
ROC is interior of the circle with radius r. i.e. |z| < r

23
If x(n) is a infinite duration anti-causal sequence,
ROC is interior of the circle with radius r. i.e. |z| < r

Conditions to be satisfied for the convergence of X(Z):

24
If x(n) is a infinite duration anti-causal sequence,
ROC is interior of the circle with radius r. i.e. |z| < r

25
 If x(n) is a infinite duration anti-causal sequence,
ROC is interior of the circle with radius r. i.e. |z| < r

The term |r| represents a circle of radius r. So from the above

analysis we can say that X(z) converges for all points
internal to the circle of radius r. Whatever the value of z will
be inside the circle, we will find finite values of X(z). ROC
of X(z) is interior of the circle of radius r.

26
z-transform of x(n):

27
Property 7:

We know,

28
Property 7:

29
Property 7:

30
Property 7:

Now we will discuss when overall X(z) converge

31
Property 7:

Now we will discuss when overall X(z) converge

32
Property 7:

Now we will discuss when overall X(z) converge

33
Property 7:

34
Property 7:

35
Property 8: If x(n) is a finite duration two sided sequence, then the
ROC is entire z-plane except at z = 0 & z = ∞.
ROC for Finite duration, two-sided (non-causal) signal:

36
Property 8: If x(n) is a finite duration two sided sequence, then the
ROC is entire z-plane except at z = 0 & z = ∞.
ROC for Finite duration, two-sided (non-causal) signal:

37
Property 8: If x(n) is a finite duration two sided sequence, then the
ROC is entire z-plane except at z = 0 & z = ∞.
ROC for Finite duration, two-sided (non-causal) signal:

38
Property 8: If x(n) is a finite duration two sided sequence, then the
ROC is entire z-plane except at z = 0 & z = ∞.
ROC for Finite duration, two-sided (non-causal) signal:

39
Poles and Zeros in the Z-Plane

40
Poles and Zeros in the Z-Plane (Example)

Below is a simple transfer function with the poles and zeros shown
below it.

41
Pole/Zero Plots (1)

42
Pole/Zero Plots (2)

43
Pole/Zero Plots (3)

44
Pole/Zero Plots (3)

45
Problem

Solution: The given signal is

46
Solution:

47
Solution:

48
Problem

Solution:

49
Solution:

The above expression is a well-known geometric progression of the

form

50
Solution:

51
Problem:

Find the z-transformation and ROC of the following sequence:

Since z-transform satisfies linearity property, therefore we may

write above equation as,

52
Solution

53
Solution

54
Problem

55
Solution

56
Problem

Thus, z-transform will be expressed as,

57
Problem

58
Some Common Z -Transformation Pair

59
End of Course
Best of Luck!!!

60