CHAPTER 7:

THE
GRANDEUR
THAT WAS
ROME
Group 3
Libanan, Shiela Mae
Brazos, Renalyn
Ellan, Vanessa
Balois, Johnson
Gayeno, Jonalyn
Galla, Jane
Adao, Maricar
GEOGRAPHICAL SETTING.
• Rome was originally a little city on the bank of Tiber river in Italy. On the map, Italy appears as
a bootshaped peninsula in southern Europe it's name comes from the Latin term italus, which
means "boot".
Economy.
Unlike Greeks, they were not seafarers. Agriculture and pasturage to business and trade.
Latin and other migration.
Indo-European tribes
~Settled in in the fertile plain of Latinium, south of Tiber river .
~They spoke latin and had bronze weapon.
~Establised first city states into Latin League.
Other people migrated in Italy ~Etruscans from Crete~ The Greeks~ The Gauls
LEGEND OF THE FOUNDING OF ROME

~ According to Roman legend. The city of Rome was founded by

Romulus on April 21, 753 B.C.

FROM THE ETRUSCANS TO A REPUBLIC

• According to history, the earliest ruler of Rome were the Etruscans

who conquered Rome from 509 to 31 BC.
• “Patricians” (Aristocracy) ~ who controls the Senate (government)
• “Plebians “ or “plebs” ~ poor people and had no say to government
• Twelve Tables of Law ~ Romans first written law code.
THE PUNIC WARS WITH
CARTHAGE
The Punic Wars with Carthage (264-146 Β.C.) Rome’s expansion brought it into conflict with Carthage, another power in
the Mediterranean. Carthage was located near modern Tuni- sia in North Africa. It was an independent and commercial
empire with a vast naval fleet. Its powerful navy dominated the Mediterranean Sea.
Rome and Carthage fought three Punic Wars in 264-241 B.C., 218-201 B.C. and 201-146 B.C. “Punic” comes from the
Latin word Puni for Phoenician because Carthage was founded by Phoe- nician immigrants.
At first, the tide of war turned against Rome because it had no navy and no experience in naval battles. In the land battles,
Rome also almost lost everything to a great Carthaginian general called Hannibal. Hannibal was a military genius. He
boldly crossed the Alps, and the mountains of Italy with war elephants and 49,000 soldiers. For 15 years from the year 218
B.C, Hannibal terrorized Italy. He won all the battles but failed to capture Rome because he could not breach the city
walls.
Cleverly, Rome went on the attack and sent Scipio Africanus and an army to invade Carthage. Hannibal was recalled to his
home country. But his mercenary (paid) soldiers deserted him, so that he lost the fight. He killed himself at Bithynia in
182 B.C.
Carthage was doomed. The great orator Cato of Rome incited the Romans with the stirring cry of “Carthage must be
destroyed!” Thus, the Roman army destroyed Carthage in 146 B.C.
ROME CONQUERS GREECE AND THE
MIDDLE EAST
Rome Conquers Greece and the Middle East. Rome then invaded
Macedonia and Greece, turning these two countries into provinces of
Rome by 146 B.C.

Other countries in the Middle East were annexed next- Pergamum,

Pontius, Bithynia, Syria, Palestine, Egypt, Meso- potamia, and other
kingdoms: Only the Sassanid Empire of Iran (Persia) and the Parthian
Empire stopped Rome’s expan- sion into Asia. The formidable Roman
legions had met their match in the horse archers of Parthia and Iran.
TRANSITION FROM REPUBLIC TO EMPIRE
(133-31 B.C)
The period from 133 to 31 B.C was marked by bitter class struggles and bloody civil wars. It
was a stormy age which discredited the republic, thus paving the way for the rise of the
Roman Empire.
Two clashing social classes:
1. Aristocratic party
* Rich Landowners
* Merchants
* Politicians
2. People’s party
* composed of masses.

– Class antagonism became so acute that it erupted into civil wars.

 THE RISE OF CAESAR
– In 60 B.C, Pompey, Crassus and Julius Caesar formed a coalition known as the first triumvirate
– Caesar compained in Gaul and became the most successful member of the Triumvirate
– Caesar’s military exploits made him famous among the Romans. Both Pompey and the Senate, fearing
Caesar’s rising popularity, ordered him to disband the army and returned to rome.
– Caesar defeated Pompey, his rival in Thessaly. (48 B.C). Pompey escaped to Egypt where he was
assassinated.
– Caesar rushed to Egypt and had a romance with the beautiful Queen Cleopatra “Serpent of the Nile”.
After his victories in Egypt and Asia Minor, he sent his famous message to the Roman Empire Senate
(government)
“Veni, vidi, vici” ( I came, I saw, I conquered )
– The Senate made him dictator for life and conferred upon him all the powers of government. He was
practically an “Uncrowned King”
– In 45 B.C he issued a new calendar which added an extra day every fourth year to form a “leap
year”.
– Many Senators turned against him. On March 15, 44 B.C, the tragic “Ides of March”, they
assassinated him inside the Senate. Among the assassins were his two friends Brutus and Cassius. His life
and death were immortalized in a play by William Shakespeare.
END OF THE ROMAN REPUBLIC

End of the Roman Republic

– Immediately after Caesar’s assassination, Cicero, the famous orator took

charge of the republic. He tried to win the people’s support but failed.
– His failure led to the formation of the Second Triumvirate consisting of Mark
Anthony, Lepidus, and Octavian.
– In the Meantime, Anthony, infatuated by the glamorous Cleopatra, divorced
hiw own wife, Octavia, the sister of Octavian. War soon followed between
Anthony and Octavian.
EMERGENCE OF THE ROMAN
EMPIRE
– Octavian became the master of the Roman world. The Roman Senate made him the
emperor. The republic was replaced by the empire.
– In 27 B.C, the Senate conferred on him the name Augustus. With this new name, he
assumed power as the first emperor of Roman Empire.
–Augustus introduced
* good government
* honest and efficient officials
* removed the corrupt and unworthy politicians from the Senate
* improved the system of taxation
* drained and promoted agriculture and commerce
– Above all, he adorned Rome with magnificent marble edifices such as temples,
palaces, baths and theaters. Thus he said proudly “ I found a Rome with a city of Brick;
I left it a city of marble”.
1 CENTURY EMPERORS
ST

1st Century Emperors

The story of Rome’s Emperors in the 1st century A.D. mixed sophistication with
brutality and could suddenly lurch from civilization, strength and power to terror,
tyranny, and greed.

Why was the 1st century so turbulent?

It is because of the Heredity Rule. It is a form of
government wherein the rulership is passed down from one member of the
family to the next.
1. Augustus (27 BC-
14 AD) – Augustus was
the founder of the Roman
Empire and it’s first
emperor. He stablished
the principate, a system of
government that combined
elements of monarchy,
aristocracy, and
democracy.
2. Tiberius (14-37
AD) – Tiberius
succeeded Augustus and
ruled as the second
emperor. His reign was
marked by a focus on
maintaining stability and
consolidating power.
3. Caligula (37-41
AD) – Caligula, also
known as Gaius, was
known for his erratic
behavior and cruelty. His
rule was marked by
extravagance, political
intrigue, and his desire for
absolute power.
4. Claudius (41-54
AD) – Claudius was the
fourth Roman emperor
and is often seen as a
capable ruler. He
expanded the Roman
Empire and implemented
various domestic reforms.
5. Nero (54-68 AD) –
Nero’s reign was
characterized by his
extravagance lifestyle and
persecution of Christians.
He is famously known for
the Great Fire of Rome in
64 AD and his subsequent
blaming of the Christians.
6. Galba – Galba was a
career politician who
became consul in 33 AD
and was appointed
Governor of Nearer Spain
in 60 AD.
7. Otho – He was
ambitious and greedy but
was not known for tyranny
or cruelty and was
expected to be a fair
emperor.
8.Vitellius – was
declared emperor by the
legions of Lower
Germania after Galba’s
murder
9. Vespasian – was a
general who was
proclaimed emperor by his
troops in Judaea after the
death of Vitellius.
FIVE GOOD EMPERORS
The Five Good Emperors of Rome & the Nervan-
Antonine Dynasty

- The Five Good Emperors brought peace, stability, and

prosperity to Rome after Emperor Domitian was
assassinated in 96 CE. Discover the Nervan-Antonine
Dynasty, which was led by: Nerva, Trajan, Hadrian,
Antoninus Pius, and Marcus Aurelius.
1. Nerva – Nerva was
the first of the Five Good
Emperors of Rome, who
ruled from 96 to 98 CE.
He was born Marcus
Cocceius Nerva on
November 8, 30 CE and
become emperor at the
age of almost 66.
2. Trajan (98 AD – 117
AD) – Trajan was known
for his military conquests
and expansion of the
Roman Empire’s borders.
He was also known for his
public works projects,
including the construction
of Trajan’s Column and
Trajan’s Market.
3. Hadrian (117 AD –
138 AD) – Hadrian was
known for his travels
throughout the Roman
Empire and his efforts to
consolidate and
strengthen the borders of
the empire. He was also
known for his architectural
projects, including the
construction of Hadrian’s
Wall in Britain.
4. Antoninus Pius
(138 AD – 161 AD) –
Antoninus Pius was known
for his peaceful reign and
his efforts to maintain
stability and prosperity in
the Roman Empire. He
was also known for his
patronage of the arts and
his support of education.
5. Marcus Aurelius
(161 AD – 180 AD) –
Marcus Aurelius was
known for his Stoic
philosophy and his efforts
to maintain the stability
and prosperity of the
Roman Empire. He was
also known for his military
campaigns against the
Germanic tribes and his
authorship of the
philosophical work
“Meditations”
PERIOD OF ROME’S GRANDEUR
PERIOD OF ROME’S GRANDEUR
-The period of the Good Emperors was a time of great prosperity and grandeur for
Rome. The following are some of the key features of this period:
1. Pax Romana: This was a period of unprecedented peace and stability throughout the empire,
with no civil wars, bloody feuds, or mob riots convulsing Rome. Travel by sea or land was safe.
2. Economic prosperity: The fields produced more crops, the grazing herds of sheep and
cattle in the countryside increased, and industry and trade boomed. Roman commerce was
extended to the far ends of the earth, with goods such as silk from China, rugs from Persia,
perfumes from Arabia, and spices from Indonesia being sold in the markets of Rome.
3. Good government: The people were successively ruled by emperors of integrity and
dedication, such as Trajan, Hadrian, Antoninus, and Marcus Aurelius. These able and honest
officials looked after the people’s welfare.

4. Social life was in full bloom: The Romans had tumed their energies and talents from
waging war to peaceful pursuits. Arts and literature flourished. Aqueducts, roads, basilicas,
temples, schools, theaters, and viilas (country homes) were built throughout the empire.
THE DECLINE OF THE ROMAN
EMPIRE
•The death of Emperor Marcus Aurelius in 180 A D.,
marked the beginning of Rome’s decline.

•The centuries that followed saw the breakdown of Pax

Romana, the decay of Roman power; and the fading or
Roman culture.
The cases of the Roman Empire were the following:

1. Weakening of the government due to a lack of able and dedicated

emperor’s, the rampage of graft and corruption, and the intervention of the army
in civil matters:
2. Economic retrogression caused by the system of large states that destroyed
free farming by heavy taxation, and by the decrease in population;
3. Deterioration of Roman military power because the army became
composed of foreign mercenaries who fought plunder, not out of patriotic duty,
and because there were no longer superb military commanders like Scipio
Africanus, Julius Caesar, Augustus, and Trajan;
4. Cultural stagnation due to the demoralizing spirit of the times and lack of
incentives for cultural growth; and
5. Decadence of Roman character which was caused by luxuries, immorality,
gluttony, drunkenness, and other depravities that destroyed the virtues and
spiritual strength of the people.
 FALL OF ROME (476 A.D)
•By the 3rd century A.D., the empire was close to the breaking point because of the
factors mentioned above. For nearly a century, the empire was ruled by 25 emperor’s who
were soldiers chosen by the army. They were called the “Barracks Emperor’s”.
•The last great Roman emperor was Diocletian (284-305 A.D.), who split the empire into
two parts-one in the west another in the east.
•By 311 A.D,. There were four rulers, each claiming the title of emperor. One of them was
Constantine, the founder of the Byzantine Empire, Rome’s successor in the east. His
claim led to civil war between eastern and western parts of the Roman Empire.
•Meanwhile, the Barbarian attacks increased. Barbarians attacked Italy, and Rome was
sacked (looted) by the Goths under Alaric in 410 A.D., and by the Vandals in 455 A.D.
•In 476, A.D., Odoacer, leader of the Herulis Germanic tribes, deposed the last emperor
of Rome, Romulus Augustus, a boy of six. This was the end of the Western Roman
Empire.
RESULTS OF ROME’S DOWNFALL
The downfall of the Roman Empire in the west was one of the epochal
events in world history. It had the following results.

1. It ushered in the “Dark Age”, the period in the history of Western Europe
when the lights of it’s culture, flickered low. The barbarian conquerors of
Rome almost destroyed Western civilization.
2. It paved the way to the rise of new Western nations. Out of the shattered
fragments of the Roman Empire later emerged France, Spain, England, Italy,
and Germany.
3. It led to the ascendancy of the Christian Church, or the papacy. The
Church, taking the place of the fallen Roman Empire, converted the barbarian
nations to Christianity, welded the broken parts of the former empire, and
carried on the development of Western civilization.
ROMAN
CIVILIZATI
ON
ROMAN CIVILIZATION

• Romans had produced a cosmopolitan civilization

which derived from many sources mostly from Greek
Civilization.
- they improved what they adopted and the result was
a new civilization with distinct Roman flavor.
HOME LIFE
HOME LIFE
• During early days of Roman Republic, home
life was very simple.
• Later when Rome became a World power and
plundered riches.
• Roman family life under tremendous
change.
• Rich Roman built country homes called
HOME
LIFE
ROMAN
CLOTHING AND
MEALS
ROMAN CLOTHING AND MEALS
• In the days of the Roman Empire, the dress and diet of the people
became elaborate.
•Men wore two kinds of clothing:
TUNIC ( inside garment)
TOGA (outer garment)
•Romans seldom used Headgear
• Soldiers wore helmets in combat
• Civilians used hats while traveling
• Romans wore sandals, without stocking
• Meals in Aristocratic homes were elaborate affairs.
MEN WORE TWO KINDS OF
CLOTHING
TUNIC TOGA
HEADGEARS
ROMAN SANDALS
MEALS IN ARISTOCRATS
HOME
RECREATION AND
AMUSEMENT
RECREATION AND AMUSEMENTS

• During time of Republic, 66 days in a year were declared holidays.

• Under the Empire, the number of Roman holidays was increased to 135 days.

Games were held during the holidays:

1. Literary contests in poetry and oratory
2. Circuses
3. Gladiatorial combats
•Oratory in Rome was
very much a male area;
elite men trained to be
orators their entire lives.

•Telling stories in the form

of poetic verse was a big
part of life in ancient
times.
Great Roman orator:
Marcus Tullius
Cicero
The Best known Roman
Poet:

Publius Vergilius Maro –

better known as Virgil.
He’s famous poet, is The
Aeneid.
The Circus Maximus in Rome,
which could accommodate 140,000
spectators, was particularly famous
for chariot races. The Romans
called these chariot races “ Circuses
” because they were held on a
circular race track. The competing
chariots raced round and round this
track.
CIRCUS MAXIMUS
GLADIATORIAL COMBATS
The most popular of the Roman games were
gladiator combats. The gladiators, who were
trained fighters, fought each other with various
weapons, such as the sword and shield, fishnet,
triden, lance and lasso. At the beginning of the
combats, the gladiators marched around the arena
and stopped before the emperors box. They
saluted the emperor, saying “ We who are about to
die salute you”.
When a gladiator fell on the ground,
wounded but still alive, his opponent
looked up to spectators for the verdict
to kill or not to kill the fallen foe. If the
spectators turned their thumbs down,
the wounded gladiator would be killed;
if up, his life would be spared.
EDUCATION
• Education in Rome was for the upper classes.
• A Roman boy’s education began when he was six or seven
years old.
• A boys education ceased when he reached 17, the time when
he became a citizen and proudly wore toga of manhood.

• The girls obtained their education from their mothers at home.

• Their education lasted until they reached the age of 16, when
they were ready for marriage.
PHILOSOPHY
Stoicism- teaches us to focus on the things we can control for example
our thoughts, emotions, and actions while accepting the things we
cannot such as the actions of others or the natural course of events
going on in the world around us. Zeno founded the stoicism.
The greatest Roman philosopher Seneca was a stoic. His best know
philosophical work is On the Brevity of life.
Emperor Marcus Aurelius he was more famous as philosophy than as
an emperor. His book Meditation is truly classic in philosophy.
ARCHITECTURE AND ART
The Pantheon
(temple) has a
massive dome and was
built in 27 B.C.
The Colosseum,
the greatest of all
amphitheaters, was
built by Emperor
Vespasian with a
seating capacity of
more than 50,000.
Triumphal arches
were erected in honor
of Roman conquerors.
Basilicas were law
courts.
ENGINEERIN
G
-The relics of their
engineering skill can still
be seen in the cities of
Asian and Western
Europe. These are
aqueducts, baths, roads,
bridge, sewer systems
and reservoirs.
-The famous of the
Roman roads is the
Appian way.
-The aqueducts were
marvelous
achievements of Roman
engineers.
SCIENCES

Pliny the Elders-

the most celebrated
Roman scientist he
was a naturalist who
wrote Natural History.
Galen- the most
famous physician
in Rome he wrote
more than 150
books on
medicine.
Celsus- wrote a
book entitled On
Medicine, which
descrbed how to
stop bleeding by
means of ligature.
ROMAN LAW AND
GOVERNMENT
-Roman law started with customary law, the Twelve Tables, the laws of the
Roman Republic (509-31 B.C.)
-From Roman law we inherited such laws as squatters rights, contracts, will
and testament, and permanent courts.
-Alexander the Great broke out and colonized many lands but he did not
know how to create a central political organization to unite the various people
he conquered.
-The Roman Empire lasted for five centuries (31 B.C.- 476 A.D.)
-The Roman also invented a new political system called Republic. This is the
rule by elected public officials who make the laws for the people.
ROMAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO
CIVILIZATION
Rome's Contributions to Civilization are the following.
1. Roman law, which is the basis of the legal systems of modern nations.
2. The latin language, the latin language of the western world during the middle ages
which influenced French,Spanish,Italian,Portuguese,English and other modern
languages
3. Latin literature, which includes the writings of Julius Ceasar, Cicero, Tacitus, Livy,
Virgil, and other writers
4. The colosseum, Pantheon, aqueducts, baths, roads, and other infrastructure
which the Romans built and are now considered marvels of architectural art and
engineering science, and
5. The republic form of government in which the citizens vote for their
representatives to governing bodies.
THANK YOU
FOR
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