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History 10 Most Imporant Topics
History 10 Most Imporant Topics
History 10 Most Imporant Topics
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10 Imp Questions
History: India and the Contemporary World - II
How did the French Revolution play an important role in creating the Idea of Nation state ?
Explain
The French revolutionaries introduced various measures and practices that created a sense of collective identity
amongst the French people—
(i)The ideas of la patrie (the fatherland) and le citoyen (the citizen) emphasised the notion of a united
community enjoying equal rights under a constitution.
(ii) A new French flag, the tricolour, was chosen to replace the former Royal Standard.
(iii)The Estates General was elected by the body of active citizens and renamed the National Assembly.
(iv) New hymns were composed, oaths taken and martyrs commemorated, all in the name of the nation.
(v)A centralised administrative system was put in place and it formulated uniform laws for all the citizens within its
territory.
(vi)Internal custom duties and dues were abolished and a uniform system of weights and measures was adopted.
(vii) Regional dialects were discouraged and French was promoted as the common language of the nation.
1.Rise of Nationalism in Europe
Do you agree that the period of 1848 was considered as a phase of the Revolution of the
Liberals in Europe? Elucidate with suitable examples.
1848, in many European countries a revolution led by the educated middle classes was underway along with the revolts of the poor,
unemployed, peasants and workers.
● In France, in February 1848 Emperor abdicated the throne and a republic based on universal male suffrage was proclaimed.
●In other parts of Europe such as in Germany, Italy, Poland, the Austro Hungarian Empire – men and women of the liberal middle classes demanded a
Constitution along with national unification. They took advantage of the growing popular unrest to push their demands for the creation of a nation-state
on parliamentary principles – a constitution, freedom of the press and freedom of association.
●In German speaking areas a large number of political associations (members were middle class educated professionals, businessmen and well off artists)
came together in Frankfurt and decided to vote for an All German National Assembly. On18th May 1848, 831 elected representatives assembled in the
Frankfurt parliament convened in the Church of St. Paul. They drafted a Constitution for the German nation to be headed by a constitutional monarch.
Under these conditions they offered the crown to Friedrich Wilhelm IV, King of Prussia but he rejected it and joined other monarchs to oppose the elected
assembly. The parliament which was dominated by the middle class ignored the demands of the artisans and workers and consequently lost their support.
Finally, troops were called in and the assembly was forced to disband.
●The issue of extending political rights to women was a controversial one. A large number of women had participated actively in the liberal movement.
Women had formed their own political associations, founded newspapers and taken part in political meetings and demonstrations. Despite this they were
denied suffrage rights during the election of the German National Assembly. When the Frankfurt parliament convened in the Church of St Paul, women were
admitted only as observers to stand in the visitors’ gallery. So one feels the period of 1848 was considered as a phase of the Revolution of the Liberals in
Europe.
1.Rise of Nationalism in Europe
UNIFIATIONS
How were the ideas of national unity in early nineteenth century Europe closely allied to the
ideology of liberalism? Explain.
Ideology of Liberalism
(i) Liberalism is derived from the Latin word ‘liber’ which means ‘free’.
(ii)Liberalism in the early 19th century stood for freedom for the individual and equality to all before law for the new middle
classes.
(iii) Politically, it emphasised the concept of government by consent.
(iv) It stood for the end of autocracy and clerical privileges.
Gandhiji felt the Khilafat issue as an opportunity to bring Hindus and Muslims under the
umbrella of a unified national movement.’’ Explain the statement.(
22 Nationalism in India
SILK ROUTE
The silk routes are a good example of vibrant pre -modern trade and cultural links
between distant parts of the world.’ Elaborat
(i)The silk routes are a good example of vibrant pre-modern trade and cultural links between distant parts of
the world.
(ii)They were spread over land and sea, knitting together vast regions of Asia and linking with Europe
and Africa.
(iii)They existed since before the Christian era and thrived almost till the 15th century.
(iv) Indian and Chinese pottery, textiles and spices travelled to Europe.
(v) In return, precious metals, gold and silver flowed from Europe to Asia.
(vi)Buddhism, Christian missionaries, and Muslim preachers also travelled through this route to Asia.
Making of the Global World
FOOD
“Food offers many examples of long-distance cultural exchange.” Support your answer
with three examples.
(i) Traders and travellers introduced new crops to the lands they travelled.
(ii) It is believed that noodles travelled west from China to become spaghetti.
(iii)Arabs traders took pasta to Sicily, an island now in Italy in the 5th century.
PRINT IN INDIA
Explain The Implication Of Print Culture On the Religious Reforms in India During 19th Century
The print culture had a significant impact on the growth of nationalism in India.
(i) In spite of passing a Vernacular Press Act, nationalist newspapers grew in numbers.
(ii) They reported on colonial misrule and encouraged nationalist activities.
(iii)The British Government tried to put down the criticism but there were more protests.
(iv) Punjab revolutionaries were deported,’ Tilak wrote in Kesari.
(v) It led to his imprisonment in 1908 provoking large protest
4.Print Culture and the Modern World
"Printing brought the reading public and hearing public closer." Substantiate the
statement with an appropriate argument.
Access to books created a new culture of reading. Earlier reading was restricted to the elite.
● Common people lived in a world of oral culture. They heard sacred texts read out, ballads recited and folk
tales narrated. Knowledge was transferred orally.
The reading culture was only limited to the elites and they only read books individually and silently. The
reasons behind this culture were:
To bridge the gap between these two public, printers began publishing popular ballads and folk tales, and such books were
illustrated with pictures. These were then sung and recited at gatherings in villages and in towns. Oral culture thus entered
print and printed material was orally transmitted.