History

I. Definition, Sources, and

Methodology
 Table of
Contents
• Meaning and
Relevance of History
• Distinction of
Primary and
Secondary Sources
• External and Internal
Criticism
 Learning
Objectives
• To understand the meaning and
relevance of history.
• To understand the difference between
primary and secondary sources.
• To evaluate, determine, and
differentiate the primary sources for
their credibility, authenticity, and
provenance.
 Pre-Test
Direction: Write T if the statement is true and F if the statement is
false.
1. History came from a Latin word “Historia”
2. Primary sources offer unfiltered and firsthand information.
3. Internal Criticism is the practice of verifying the authenticity of
evidence by examining its physical characteristics.
 Pre-
Test
Direction: Write T if the statement is true and F it the statement is
false.

4. Secondary sources allow researchers to gain a better understanding of

historical events.
5. Historianist is a scholar or researcher who systematically studies past
events.
 Hist
Meaning and Relevance
ory
 HISTORY
Etymology. HISTORY is from the Greek word HISTORIA,
meaning
“knowledge acquired by investigation ”
 “History is a narration of the events which have happened
among mankind, including an account of the rise and fall of
nations, as well as of other great changes which have affected
the political and social condition of the human race.”

-John J. Anderson. 1876. A Manual of General History

“History is a systematic account
of a set of natural phenomena
which are arranged in their
chronological order.”
-Aristotle (The Father of Logic)
“History is a learning inquiry
“History is a never-ending
about the past of mankind.”
dialogue of events between
the past and the present.”
-Thucydides and Herodotus
(Father of History)
-Edward Hallet Carr
 HISTORY
is the systematic study and interpretation of
past events and human experiences, aiming to
understand and convey the evolution of
societies and civilizations over time.
 HISTORIAN
is a scholar or researcher who systematically studies
and analyzes past events, people, and societies using
primary and secondary sources to gain insights into
the past and contribute to our understanding of
history.
 While historians are investigating history, they
construct theories along the way.

a. Factual History
b. Speculative History
 Factual History
• What - it provides the readers the plain and basic
information, the events that took place.
• When - the time and date with which the events
happened.
• Where - the place with which the place took place.

• Who - the people that were involved.

 Speculative History
• Why - goes beyond facts because it is concerned about
the reasons for which events happened.

• How - and the way they happened.

 Historiography
• is the practice of historical writing; the traditional method in doing
historical research that focus on gathering of documents from different
libraries and archives to form a pool of evidence needed in making a
descriptive or analytical narrative.

• it is the systematic and comprehensive study of historical events and

trend through the analysis and interpretation of historical writings and
sources.
 History
is the study of past events.

Historiography
is the study of history.
 Why Study History?
Understanding People and Societies

• history offers insights into the behaviors, decisions,

motivations, and cultures of past peoples and societies,
helping us comprehend the complexities of human
existence.
 Why Study History?
Understanding Change and Society’s Development

• history reveals the process of change over time, showing

how our current society has evolved, helping us
appreciate the historical forces that shape our world.
 Why Study History?
Contributing to Moral Understanding

• history often presents moral dilemmas and ethical

challenges faced by individuals and societies in the past,
offering opportunities for reflection and ethical growth.
 Why Study History?
Providing Identity
• history connects individuals and communities to their
cultural, national, and societal roots, fostering a sense of
identity and belonging.
 What is the Relevance of History?
• History is not the past but a map of the past, drawn from particular
point of view, to be useful to the modern traveler.
• History is who we are and why we are the way we are.
• Studying history allows us to observe and understand how people and
societies behaved.
• History also encourages a deeper understanding of difference.
• The relevance of the history is to learn from our mistakes “Those who
cannot remember the past are condemned to repeat it.” - George
Santayana
 DISTINCTION OF
PRIMARY AND
SECONDARY SOURCES
 Primary Sources
Nature of
• Primary sources are original materials that provide firsthand
Definition: information or direct evidence about a particular subject, event, or
Information:
time period.

• Primary sources are original materials • Primary sources offer unfiltered,

that provide firsthand information or immediate, and raw information. They
Secondarysou
direct evidence about a particular can include diaries, letters, speeches,
• Secondary sources, on the other hand, are interpretations, analyses,
interviews, photographs, artifacts, and
rces
subject, event, or time period. or evaluations that are based on primary sources.
official documents produced during the
time under study.
 Primary Sources
Proximity to the Bias and
• Primary sources are original materials that provide firsthand

Event: time period. Objectivity:

information or direct evidence about a particular subject, event, or

• Primary sources are closest to the event • Primary sources are often considered the
or time period being studied. They most objective as they offer an unfiltered

Secondarysou
allow researchers to gain a better perspective from the time period in question.
• Secondary sources, on the other hand, are interpretations, analyses,
However, primary sources can also be biased
understanding of historical or or evaluations that are based on primary sources.
rces
contextual events by examining
or subjective, depending on the author's
intentions or perspective.
firsthand accounts.
 Primary Sources
• Primary sources are original materials that provide firsthand
Authenticity: Research Goals:
information or direct evidence about a particular subject, event, or
time period.

• Primary sources are considered more • Primary sources are vital for conducting
authentic since they originate from the original research, uncovering new insights,
Secondarysou
time period under study. They• are seen and making unique contributions to the
Secondary sources, on the other hand, are interpretations, analyses,
field. They allow researchers to engage
as reliable evidence of historical events
rces
or phenomena.
or evaluations that are based on primary sources.
directly with the historical or social
context.
 Primary Sources
• Primary sources are original materials that provide firsthand
Availability: Endorsement:
information or direct evidence about a particular subject, event, or
time period.
• Primary sources can sometimes be • Primary sources are often used to
challenging to locate, depending on support or challenge claims made in
their age, condition, or accessibility. secondary sources. Researchers refer
Secondarysou • Secondary sources, on
They might be housed in archives, to the
primary sources
other hand, are to validate analyses,
interpretations,

rces
libraries, or private collections.or evaluations that are based on primary
arguments sources.
or to assess the validity of
interpretations made by others.
 Primary Sources
Interpretation and
• Primary sources are original Usage andfirsthand
materials that provide

Analysis: time period. Citation:

information or direct evidence about a particular subject, event, or

• Primary sources leave room for

• Primary sources are typically cited and
interpretation and analysis since they
referenced to provide evidence,
Secondarysou
often lack explicit explanations or
• Secondary sources,examples,
context. Researchers engage in critical on the otheror illustrations
hand, in academic
are interpretations, analyses,

rces research
analysis to draw conclusions or or evaluations that are
construct narratives based on primary
or primary
based on historical analysis.
sources.

sources.
 Secondary Sources
Nature of
• Primary sources are original materials that provide firsthand
Definition: information or direct evidence about a particular subject, event, or
Information:
time period.

• Secondary sources, on the other hand, • Secondary sources present

Secondarysou
are interpretations, analyses, or
evaluations that are based on• primary
synthesized, analyzed, and
Secondary sources, oninterpreted
the other hand, are interpretations,
information based onanalyses,
rces
sources. or evaluations that areprimary
based onsources.
primary sources.
 Secondary Sources
Proximity to the Bias and
• Primary sources are original materials that provide firsthand

Event: time period. Objectivity:

information or direct evidence about a particular subject, event, or

• Secondary sources are one or more steps • Secondary sources, on the other
removed from the original event, as they hand, are interpretations, analyses,
Secondarysou
rely on primary sources for their
• Secondary sources, onor the
evaluations
other hand,that
are are based on analyses,
interpretations,

rces
information. or evaluations that are based on
primary primary sources.
sources.
 Secondary Sources
• Primary sources are original materials that provide firsthand
Authenticity: Research Goals:
information or direct evidence about a particular subject, event, or
time period.

• Secondary sources can be influenced • Secondary sources help

by the interpretation of the person or researchers to gain a broader
Secondarysou
entity producing the analysis, which
• Secondary sources, onunderstanding
adds an element of subjectivity.
of the topic, identify
the other hand, are interpretations, analyses,
trends, and assess existing
rces or evaluations that are based on primary sources.
scholarship.
 Secondary Sources
• Primary sources are original materials that provide firsthand
Availability: Endorsement:
information or direct evidence about a particular subject, event, or
time period.

• Secondary sources, on the other hand, • Secondary sources are cited and
are more readily available through referenced in further scholarly
Secondarysou
books, scholarly articles, online
• Secondary sources, onworks to provide background
the other hand, are interpretations, analyses,
databases, and other publishedorworks.
evaluations that areinformation or assources.
evidence for a
rces based on primary
specific argument.
 Secondary Sources
Interpretation and
• Primary sources are original Usage andfirsthand
materials that provide

Analysis: time period. Citation:

information or direct evidence about a particular subject, event, or

• Secondary sources, influenced by the • Secondary sources are also cited for

Secondarysou
author's expertise and interpretation, scholarly communication, but they are
provide analysis, context, and• Secondary sources,primarily
on the other hand,
used to are interpretations,
support arguments, analyses,

rces
synthesized knowledge. or evaluations that analyze
are basedprimary
on primary sources.or provide
sources,
broader context to a study.
 External and Internal
Criticism;
Repositories of Primary Sources, and Different Kinds of Primary
Sources
 External Criticism
is the practice of verifying the authenticity of
evidence by examining its physical
characteristics.
 How it is done?
• Appearance of the Source
• Consistency with the Historical Period
• Medium of the Source
• Quality of the Paper and Ink Used
• The Grammar/Handwriting of the Author
or Creator
Examples of the things examined when conducting
External Criticism of a Document:

• The Quality of the Paper

• The Type of Ink
• Language
• Words Used in the Materials
 Why is it Important?

• Use of unverified, falsified, and untruthful

historical sources can lead to equally false
conclusions.

• without thorough criticism of historical evidences,

historical deception and lies will be highly
probable.
 Internal Criticism
is the accuracy of the data. Looks on the
truthfulness and factuality of the evidence by
looking in the author source.
 How it is done?

• Historians carefully reads the text of the

source for contextrance of the source
• Focus on Attention on the Author
• Situation Surrounding its Existence
• Intended Audience or Reader
Examples of the things examined when conducting Internal
Criticism of a Document:

• Character of the Document

• Literal Meaning of the Text
• Knowledge of the Author
• Competence and Reliability of the Author
• Corroborating Evidence
Examples of the things examined when conducting Internal
Criticism of a Document:

• Author’s Personal Connection with the Event

• Author’s Sources of Information
• The Influences Prevalent at the Time of Writing
• The Elements of Personal Bias
• The Elements of Deliberate and Intentional Errors
 Repository
• It is where something is deposited or stored. It can play a
variety of roles, most importantly they collect, manage,
preserve and provide access to valuable research and
educational content.
 Repositories of Primary Sources
• National Library
• National Archives
• Academic institutions
• Religious Congregations
• Abroad
• Privately Owned Museums and
Archives
 Kinds of Primary Sources
• Autobiography
• Diary
• Interview
• Personal Letter
• Photographs
• Works of Arts and Literature
• Speech
 Post _Test
Direction: Choose the letter of the correct answer. Write your answers in
your notebook.

1. It is where they collect, manage, preserve and provide access to valuable

research and educational content?
a. Primary Sources
b. Secondary Sources
c. Repositories
d. None of the Above
 Post _Test
2. Which of the following would be considered a secondary source?
a. An interview with a World War II veteran.
b. A diary entry from a civil war soldier.
c. A book review of a historical novel.
d. A letter from a 1920s suffragette to her friend.
 Post _Test
3. It is the accuracy of the data. Looks on the truthfulness and factuality of the
evidence by looking in the author source.

a. External Criticism
b. Internal Criticism
c. Factual History
d. Speculative History
 Post _Test
4. These sources help researchers to gain a broader understanding of the topic,
identify trends, and assess existing scholarship?

a. Diaries
b. Primary Sources
c. Secondary Sources
d. Speech
 Post _Test
5. It is the systematic and comprehensive study of historical events and trend
through the analysis and interpretation of historical writings and sources.

a. Historiography
b. Autobiography
c. Speculative History
d. Speech
 Post _Test
Direction: Write T if the statement is true and F it the statement is false.

1. Historiography is the study of past.

2. History do not presents moral dilemmas and ethical challenges faced
by individuals and societies in the past.
3. Primary sources interprets or explain while Secondary describes or
narrates.
 Post _Test
4. While historians are investigating history, they construct four theories along
the way.
5. The Elements of Deliberate and Intentional Errors is one of the things that is
being examine when conducting external criticism.
 Reference
s
https://www.studocu.com/in/document/mahatma-gandhi-university/history-1/history-definitions/
21718268 https://youtu.be/qCJkG_idYiE?si=6nFT6I8xDNix-qNS
https://www.mooc.org/blog/why-is-it-important-to-study-history#:~:text=Studying%20history
%20helps%20us%20understand,better%20paths%20for%20our%20societies
https://www.scribd.com/presentation/272537389/External-and-Internal-Criticism
https://www.scribd.com/document/526322051/LESSON-2-Online
https://www.coursehero.com/file/31769799/Repositories-of-Primary-Sourcesdocx/
Thank