Inferential Statistics

Lesson 1
NATURE OF STATISTICS

ENGR. JOMER V. CATIPON

jvcatipon@yahoo.com
09286654227
By the end of the discussion, the student must
be able to:
1. Define statistics
2. Distinguish between descriptive and
inferential statistics
3. Differentiate parametric and statistic
4. Compare and contrast the sources of data
5. Differentiate constant and variable
6. Identify and explain the types of data
7. Differentiate experimental and mathematical
variables
8. Classify variables as discrete and continuous
9. List and describe the four levels of
measurement
References
1. Elementary Statistics text/workbook by Zamora-
Reyes and Ladao-Saren
2. Elementary Statistics, a step by step approach 4th
Ed by Bluman
3. Introduction to business Statistics, A
comprehensive Approac by Winston Sirug
4. Research and Statistics with Computer by
Laurentina Calmorin
5. Basic Concepts and Methods in research 3rd Ed
by Venancio B. Ardales
6. Parametric and Non Parametric Statistics by
Antonio S. Broto
STATISTICS – the branch of mathematics that
examines and investigates ways to process and
analyze the data gathered.
DOMAIN OF STATISTICS

- Provides procedure in
1. data collection,
2. presentation,
3. organization, and
4. interpretation
…to have a meaningful analysis and
corresponding conclusion to the gathered
data.
STATISTICIAN

- Those who simply collect information

- Those who prepare analysis or interpretations
- Those scholars who develop the mathematical
theory on which statistics is based
DESCRIPTIVE AND INFERENTIAL STATISTICS

Descriptive statistics – consists of collection,

organization, summarization, and presentation
of data.
Inferential statistics – consists of generalizing
from samples to populations, performing
hypothesis tests, determining relationships
among variables and making predictions
EXAMPLE

For the last four semesters, the number of

students who passed statistics handled by a
certain instructor is as follows:
17, 19, 4, 20
Possible Statistical Statements:

1. An average of 15 students passed the course

2. By next sem, we can expect 15 students to
pass the course also
3. The instructor will never pass more than 20
students in the class
4. For the last 4 sems, the instructor did not
pass more than 20 students
Possible Statistical Statements:

5. From 4 during the 3rd sem to 20 on the 4th

sem, the instructor increased the number of
students who passed the subject to avoid
being questioned by the administration
6. On the 3rd sem only 4 students passed the
subject because the teacher is not in the
mood teaching
PARAMETER AND STATISTIC

Parameter – is a numerical index describing

characteristic of a population

Statistic – is the numerical index describing a

characteristic sample
SOURCES OF DATA
1. Primary data
– come from an original source, and are
intended to answer specific research
questions , can be taken by interview, mail in
questionnaire, survey, or experimentation
2. Secondary data
– taken from previously recorded data , such as
information in research conducted, industry
financial statements, business periodicals, and
government reports.
CONSTANT AND VARIABLE

Constant – is a characteristic of objects, people

or events that does not vary.
Ex. Water boils at 100 degrees Celsius

Variable – characteristic of objects, people, or

events that can take different values.
Ex. Weight of people
TYPES OF DATA

1. Qualitative or Categorical data

Example
- Eye color, gender, occupation, religious
preference

2. Quantitative or numerical data

Example
- height, weight, math aptitude
CLASSIFICATION OF VARIABLES

Experimental classification:
1. Independent – are variables controlled by
the experiment. Also called explanatory
variable

2. Dependent – is some measure of the

behavior of subjects and expected to be
influenced by the independent variable
Mathematical classification
1. Continuous variable – a variable which can
assume any of an infinite number of values,
and can be associated with points on a
continuous line interval
Example
Height, weight, volume
2. Discrete variable – consists of either a finite
number of values or countable number of
values
Example
Gender, courses, olympic games
LEVELS OF MEASUREMENT

1. Nominal – are numerical in appearance only,

and do not share any of the properties of a
real number.
- Categorized by data that consist of names,
labels, or categories only.
Examples of Nominal data:

1. Names
2. Religion
3. Civil status
4. Address
5. Sex
6. Degree program
7. Classifying respondents according to marital
status as 1 – single, 2 – married, 3 –
widowed, 4 - divorced
LEVELS OF MEASUREMENT

2. Ordinal data – can be ranked, however,

precise differences between the ranks do not
exist.
- The symbol “>” could mean greater than,
happier than, more difficult than
Examples of Ordinal data:

1. Faculty rank:
Professor, Assoc prof, Ass prof, instructor
2. Year level:
Freshman, Sophomore, Junior, Senior
3. Movie classification:
G, PG, PG13, R18, X
4. Student grades as:
1.00, 1.25, 1.50, 1.75, 2.00, ….
5. Hotel ratings
LEVELS OF MEASUREMENT

3. Interval data – ranks data and precise

differences between units of measure do
exist; however there is no meaningful zero.
Example of Interval data:

1. Temperature (in degree Celscius)

2. IQ score
LEVELS OF MEASUREMENT

4. Ratio data - processes all the characteristics

of interval measurement, and there exists a
true zero.
Examples of Ratio data:

1. Weight,
2. Height
3. Width
4. area
5. age,
6. Salary
7. Weekly allowance