Aircraft Design II

Report no. 1 - Flight Envelop or V-N Diagram

I. Design Airspeed
1. Design Stalling Speed, Vs ( No flaps)
= 19.75 Where: W/S = wing loading in psf
= wing max lift coefficient
(see reports in Aircraft design 1)
2. Design Cruising Speed, Vc
a. For normal and Utility categories:
= 33 knots
b. For acrobatic category airplanes:
= 36 knots
3. Design Diving Speed,
= 1.5 Vc
 Aircraft Design II
Report no. 1 - Flight Envelop or V-N Diagram
II. Positive Limit Maneuvering load factor, +n
+n = 2.1 +

for normal category, +n ≤ 3.8 (not less than 2.5)

for utility, +n ≤4.4; for acrobatic +n ≤ 6.0

III. Negative limit maneuvering load factor, -n

-n = -0.40 ( +n ) for normal and utility

-n = -0.50 ( +n ) for acrobatic

IV. Design maneuvering Speed,

= need not exceed the value of used in design

 Aircraft Design II
Report no. 1 - Flight Envelop or V-N Diagram

V. Gust Envelope
1. Positive limit gust load factor (+50ft/s)

= gust alleviation factor

= =
Where :
= derived gust velocity, ft/s ρ = air density. slug/
W/S = wing loading , lb/= mean aerodynamic chord, ft.
= airplane cruising speed, knots

= airfoil lift curve slope , per degree

 Aircraft Design II
Report no. 1 - Flight Envelop or V-N Diagram

2. Positive limit gust load factor (+25ft/s)

3. Negative limit gust load factor (-50ft/s)

4. Negative limit gust load factor (-25ft/s)

-
 Aircraft Design II
Report no. 1 - Flight Envelop or V-N Diagram

Finding the formula for +n in terms of V

𝑊 ρ 2
𝑛( ) 𝐶𝑛 𝑉
𝑆 2
𝐶𝑛= +𝑛=
ρ 𝑊
𝑉 𝑎2
2 𝑆
Velocity Velocity
+n -n
mph ft/s
5
10
15

Va
 Aircraft Design II
Report no. 1 - Flight Envelop or V-N Diagram

 Compute using the above formula.

where is the positive limit load factor and
is the maneuvering speed
 Using the value of , compute in terms of V
 Follow the same steps forusing the same
 Compute for different values of velocities
 Tabulate results
 Aircraft Design II
Report no. 1 - Flight Envelop or V-N Diagram
 Aircraft Design II
Report no. 1 - Flight Envelop or V-N Diagram
 Aircraft Design II
Report no. 1 - Flight Envelop or V-N Diagram
 Aircraft Design II
Report no. 1 - Flight Envelop or V-N Diagram
 Aircraft Design II
Report no. 1 - Flight Envelop or V-N Diagram
 Aircraft Design II
Report no. 1 - Flight Envelop or V-N Diagram

Given:
= maximum wing lift coefficient e = wing span efficiency factor
= wing loading ρ = air density
W = airplane gross weight Ĉ = wing mean aero chord
AR = wing aspect ratio ɡ = acceleration due to gravity
a = wing lift curve slope
Required:
 Maneuvering VN diagram
 Gust VN diagram
 Combined VN Diagram