UNIT 4

How does artificial intelligence benefit healthcare?

•AI healthcare market value in 2021: $11 billion

•Projected AI healthcare market value in 2030: $187 billion
•Expected significant changes in:
• Medical providers
• Hospitals
• Pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies
• Healthcare industry as a whole
•Factors contributing to AI growth in healthcare:
• Improved ML algorithms
• Increased access to data
• Affordable hardware
• Availability of 5G
•AI and ML capabilities:
• Rapid analysis of vast health data
• Health Records
• Clinical studies
• Genetic information
 AI can help make healthcare operations more efficient
AI applications in healthcare processes
• Administrative workflow automation
• Hands-free note dictation
• Computer-assisted documentation
• Accurate coding and billing
• Information sharing between departments
•Virtual nursing assistants:
• AI-powered chatbots, apps, or interfaces
• Provide 24/7 access to nurse support
• Answer medication questions
• Forward reports to doctors
• Assist with appointment scheduling
•Dosage error reduction:
• AI identifies medication self-administration errors
• Improves patient health outcomes
• Reduces healthcare costs and hospitalizations
• Wireless sensing technology
•Safer surgeries with AI:
• AI-enabled robots for minimally invasive surgery
• Work around sensitive organs and tissues
• Reduce blood loss, infection risk, and post-surgery pain
• Less scarring and shorter recovery times
•Fraud prevention in healthcare:
• AI identifies unusual or suspicious patterns in insurance claims
• Detects billing for costly services not performed
• Flags unbundling of procedures
• Identifies unnecessary tests to exploit insurance payments
• Aims to reduce the $380 billion/year healthcare fraud
AI can improve the healthcare user experience

•Benefits of using AI in diagnoses, according to Harvard's School of Public Health:

• Potential 50% reduction in treatment costs
• Potential 40% improvement in health outcomes

•University of Hawaii's breast cancer risk prediction with AI:

• Deep learning AI technology improves breast cancer risk prediction
• AI algorithm trained on a large set of images (up to a million or more)
• Cost-effective replication of the algorithm

•MIT group's ML algorithm for determining expert needs:

• Identifies when human expertise is required
• Example: Identifying cardiomegaly in chest X-rays
• Hybrid human-AI model yields optimal results in some cases

•AI outperforms doctors in skin cancer recognition:

• Deep learning used on over 100,000 skin images
• AI's performance superior to 58 international dermatologists
AI in healthcare organizations can mean better health monitoring and preventive care

•Growing popularity of health and fitness monitors and health-tracking apps

•Ability to share real-time health data with doctors for monitoring and alerts

•AI solutions for healthcare include:

• Big data applications
• Machine learning algorithms
• Deep learning algorithms

•AI aids in clinical decision-making through analysis of large data sets

•Detection and tracking of infectious diseases like COVID-19, tuberculosis, and malaria using AI
 AI connects disparate healthcare data
•Benefits of AI in health systems:
• Simplifies information gathering and sharing
• Efficient tracking of patient data
• Connects and analyzes disparate health information
• Provides a unified view of patient health
•Example: Diabetes management with AI:
• 10% of the US population has diabetes
• Wearable and monitoring devices offer glucose feedback
• AI gathers, stores, and analyzes glucose data
• Provides data-driven insights for improved disease management
•AI's role in drug safety:
• SELTA SQUARE innovates pharmacovigilance (PV) process
• AI and automation enhance PV speed and accuracy
• Ensures safer medicines globally
• Reduces physical testing costs for drug compounds
•AI applications in drug discovery:
• Reduces the need for physical compound testing
• High-fidelity molecular simulations on computers
• Predicts toxicity, bioactivity, and other molecule characteristics
• Potential for creating new drug molecules from scratch
AI governance in healthcare
•Importance of ethical and regulatory governance in AI healthcare:
• Address concerns such as bias
• Ensure transparency
• Protect the privacy of data used for AI training
• Address safety and liability issues
•Quote from Laura Craft, VP Analyst at Gartner:
• Emphasizes the need for AI governance in clinical applications
• Highlights the lack of common rules and guidelines for AI pilots
•World Health Organization (WHO) efforts on AI governance in healthcare:
• 18 months of deliberation with experts and Ministries of Health
• Produced a report: "Ethics & Governance of Artificial Intelligence for Health"
• Identifies ethical challenges and risks in AI healthcare
• Outlines six consensus principles for public benefit:
• Protecting autonomy
• Promoting human safety and well-being
• Ensuring transparency
• Fostering accountability
• Ensuring equity
• Promoting responsive and sustainable tools
•WHO report recommendations:
• Maximize AI's promise
• Hold healthcare workers accountable and responsive to communities and individuals
•Role of IBM Watson Assistant AI in healthcare chatbots:
• Provides immediate assistance to patients
• Addresses patient questions and concerns
• Helps healthcare providers manage their time efficiently
• Empowers patients with quick answers to simple queries

•Characteristics of IBM Watson Assistant AI:

• Utilizes deep learning, machine learning, and natural language processing (NLP) models
• Understand questions from patients
• Searches for the most appropriate answers
• Completes transactions through conversational AI