UNIT-5

APPLICATION LAYER
THE OSI MODEL
APPLICATION
LAYER
 APPLICATION
The application layer LAYER
is present at the top of the OSI model. It is
the layer through which users interact.

The application layer is the closest layer to the end user which
means that the application layer and end user can interact directly
with the software application.

The application layer programs are based on client and servers.

 Functions of Application
Layers
● Mail Services: This layer provides the basis for E-mail forwarding and storage.

● Network Virtual Terminal: It allows a user to log on to a remote host.

● Directory Services: An application contains a distributed database that provides

access for global information about various objects and services.

● File Transfer, Access, and Management (FTAM): An application allows a user to

access files in a remote computer, to retrieve files from a computer and to manage
 HTTP PROTOCAL

 HTTP stands for Hyper Text Transfer Protocol.

 HTTP allows web applications to communicate and exchange data

 It is used to deliver contents & transfer the data

. Example: text, image ,video, audio, documents etc

 It is a protocol used to access the data on the World Wide Web (www).
 HTTP PROTOCAL

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 HTTP PROTOCAL

 A client (browser) submits an HTTP request to the server then the

server returns response to the client.

 Request message contains requested information like method(GET or

POST), URL etc
.

 Response message contains status information and requested

contents
 HTTP REQUEST

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 HTTP RESPONSE

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 HTTP PROTOCAL

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 HTTP REQUEST

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 HTTP REQUEST

 HTTP METHODS

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 HTTP RESPONSE

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 HTTP RESPONSE

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 Features of HTTP

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 HTTP COOKIES

An HTTP cookie (also called web cookie, Internet cookie, browser cookie, or
simply cookie) is a small piece of data sent from a website and stored on the
user's computer by the user's web browser while the user is browsing.
 FTP PROTOCOL

 FTP stands for File transfer protocol.

 FTP is a standard internet protocol used for transmitting the files from
one host to another.
 It is mainly used for transferring the web page files from their creator to
the computer that acts as a server for other computers on the internet.
. It is also used for downloading the files to computer from other
servers.
 Although we can transfer files using HTTP, FTP is a better choice to
transfer large files or to transfer files using different formats
 FTP OBJECTIVES

  It provides the sharing of files.

  It is used to encourage the use of remote
computers.
.  It transfers the data more reliably and efficiently.
 FTP FILE TRANSFER

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 File transfer in FTP means one of three things:

1) retrieving a file (server to client)

2) storing a file (client to server)
3) directory listing (server to client).

 FTP can transfer one of the following file types across the data connection:
ASCII file, EBCDIC file, or image file.
 FTP MECHANISM

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 FTP COMMUNICATION

 The above figure shows the basic model of the FTP.

 The FTP client has three components: o user interface, control
process, and data transfer process.
 The server has two components: o server control process and server
data transfer process.
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 FTP COMMUNICATION

 FTP COMMUNICATION
 FTP Communication is achieved through commands and responses.
 FTP Commands are sent from the client to the server
 FTP responses are sent from the server to the client.
 FTP Commands are in the form of ASCII uppercase, which may or may not be
followed by an argument.
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 Some of the most common commands are
 FTP COMMANDS

Some of the most common commands are

FTP RESPONSE
 EMAIL (SMTP, POP)

● EMAIL
● SMTP
● POP
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 EMAIL

 One of the most popular Internet services is electronic mail (E-mail).

 Email is one of the oldest network applications.
 The three main components of an Email are

1. User Agent (UA)

2. Messsage Transfer Agent (MTA) – SMTP
.
3. Messsage Access Agent (MAA) - POP
 EMAIL

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 EMAIL

● When the sender and the receiver of an e-mail are on the same system, we
need only two User Agents and no Message Transfer Agent

● When the sender and the receiver of an e-mail are on different system, we
need two UA, two pairs of MTA (client and server), and two MAA (client and
server).
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 EMAIL

● When the sender and the receiver of an e-mail are on the same system, we
need only two User Agents and no Message Transfer Agent

● When the sender and the receiver of an e-mail are on different system, we
need two UA, two pairs of MTA (client and server), and two MAA (client and
server).
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 EMAIL

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 EMAIL

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 EMAIL

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 EMAIL

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 EMAIL

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 SMTP

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 SMTP

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 SMTP

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 SMTP

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 SMTP

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 SMTP

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 SMTP

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 SMTP

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 POP3(post office protocol)

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 POP3(post office protocol)

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 POP3(post office protocol)

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 INTERNET MAIL ACCESS PROTOCOL

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 INTERNET MAIL ACCESS PROTOCOL

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 INTERNET MAIL ACCESS PROTOCOL

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 pop3

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.
 TELNET (Teletype network)

● Telnet is Terminal emulation program to access the remote server using

command line

● It is a simple command line tool (or program) runs on your computer that send
commands to server

● We can create folder, delete folder, create files, delete files

● It is also used to configure other network devices like router, switches etc

● Used in OS such as Windows, macos, linux & unix

TELNET (Teletype network)
TELNET
TELNET
TELNET
TELNET
TELNET
SSH(SECURE SHELL)
SSH(SECURE SHELL)
DSN(Domain Name System)
DSN(Domain Name System)