Faculty Orientation Program

on
TE (E&TC) Revised Syllabus_2019 Course

Unit 2: Orthogonal Frequency Division

Multiplexing
Cellular Network

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 Conte
ntII Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing
Unit T /R Section

Introduction, Motivation and Multicarrier

1 7.1 and 7.2
basics
2 OFDM example 7.3

3 bit error rate for OFDM 7.4

T2
Introduction to MIMO Wireless
4 6.1 with example 6.1
Communications,
5 MIMO System Model 6.2 with example 6.5

6 MIMO-OFDM. 7.5
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 Outcom
e
⚫CO2: Discuss and study OFDM and MIMO
concepts

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 Orthogonal Frequency-Division
Multiplexing
⚫ The basis for 4G,, LTE,
⚫ wireless local area (LAN) standards such as 802.11 a/g/n
⚫ For a single carrier communication system, with B as
bandwidth

Symbol

time

Symbol
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 Delay
Spread

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 Inter symbol
Interference

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 Typical Delay
Spread

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 Symbol
Period
⚫ Bandwidth B = 10 MHz Single Carrier
System
T = 0.1 μ Sec
⚫ Delay Spread 2-3 μ Sec

⚫ Solution N=1000 subcarriers in B = 10

MHz B/N = 10 KHz ( each subcarrier)

⚫ Symbol Period =1/10 KHz = 100 μ

Sec
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 Multicarrier
⚫ the Concept
total bandwidth B into N sub-bands of bandwidth
B/N

⚫ subcarriers are placed at

⚫ signal si (t) corresponding to the ith subcarrier is given as,

⚫ there are a total of N data streams

⚫ B = 256 KHz, N= 64 , Sub carrier B.W.=

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 FDM vs
OFDM

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 OFDM
Frequencies

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 OFDM
Frequencies

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 Multicarrier
Transmission

on the right-hand side is the Fourier series representation s (t), corresponding to the
fundamental frequency f0 = (B)/ N and the various Xi representing the Fourier coefficients.

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 Multicarrier
Transmission
To extract X , which is the Fourier coefficient corresponding to the frequency f =
l l
lf0

Xl, the data modulated on the

different subcarriers, can be
conveniently recovered by
coherently demodulating with
each of the subcarriers
corresponding to

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 Multicarrier Modulation
Transmitter

The single-carrier system transmits each symbol in time 1/B ,

while the MCM system transmits N symbols in parallel in time
N/B

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 Multi-carrier Modulation
Receiver

• The coherence bandwidth Bc typically around 250 kHz, the transmission bandwidth B >> Bc, the
single- carrier system experiences frequency-selective fading and inter-symbol interference
• OFDM system with employs N = 256, bandwidth per subcarrier is Bs = (1024/256 )= 4 kHz……..each
subcarrier experiences flat fading. and no inter-symbol interference in the data transmitted on any of
the subcarriers.
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 Bottleneck of MCM
system
⚫ Bank of N modulators and N demodulators with closely spaced subcarrier
frequencies

the sample x (u) is basically the Inverse Discrete Fourier Transform (IDFT) coefficient of the information
symbols X (0) , X (1) , . . . , X (N − 1) at the uth time point.
Thus, the Inverse Fast Fourier Transform(IFFT) can be conveniently employed to generate the sample MCM
signal.
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 OFDM transmitter schematic with
IFFT

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 OFDM receiver schematic with
FFT

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 Cyclic Prefix in
OFDM
Consider a frequency-selective channel modelled with channel taps h (0) , h (1) , . . . , h (L −
1).

the output y (n) is a circular convolution

between the channel filter h (n) and the input x
(n).

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 OFDM transmitter schematic
with CP

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 OFDM receiver schematic
with CP

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 Impact of Cyclic Prefix on Data Rate

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OFDM Example--- Exp 1- Pg 243……MATLAB
program
For Wimax t he total number of subcarriers N = 256, with a bandwidth of
15.625 kHz per subcarrier and employs a cyclic prefix which is 12.5% of the
symbol time.
Find WiMAX OFDM symbol with cyclic prefix

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 Bit-Error Rate (BER) for
OFDM

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 since the noise samples n (m) are independent identically distributed Gaussian of variance σ2n , it follows that E {n (m) n∗ (l)}
=0
if m = l and σ2n if m = l.Therefore, the above expression for the noise variance can be simplified as

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 Assume that each of the channel taps h (0) , h (1) , . . . , h (L − 1) is Rayleigh fading in nature, i.e., has
a complex symmetric Gaussian distribution of mean 0 and variance 1. Therefore, the channel
coefficient across the kth subcarrier is given as

Channel power Gain is given

by

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 ⚫Therefore, the average SNR is( LP /N
σ2 n.)

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 MIM
O

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 MIMO System
Schematic

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 r dimensional Receive t dimensional Transmit
Vector Vector

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 MIMO system input-output
schematic

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 MIMO Channel
Matrix

complex coefficient hij represent the fading channel coefficient between the ith receive antenna and the
jth transmit antenna.Thus, there are a net of rt channel coefficients in this wireless scenario
corresponding to all possible combinations of the r receive antennas and t transmit antennas.

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 MIMO Input Output System
Model

y = Hx + n
y1 = h11x1 + h12x2 + . . . + h1txt +
36 Dr. n1 y2 = h21x2 + h22x2 + . . . + h2txt 2/ 2/ 202
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R.G.Purandare 4
2
 Single-Input Multiple-Output
(SIMO)

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 Multiple-Input Single-Output (MISO) system
model

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 The transmission and reception across
different time instants,

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 MIMO Zero-Forcing (ZF)
Receiver
y = Hx

more receive antennas than transmit antennas, i.e., r > t.

cannot exactly solve for x since there are more equations r than unknowns
t. Choose vector x which minimizes the estimation error

This is least-squares error function and the resulting estimator is termed

the least-squares estimator
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 ⚫ the optimal estimate of the transmit vector ˆx where the above error is
minimized

⚫ for the case of complex vectors/matrices x, y, H, the transpose can be replaced

by the Hermitian operator to yield

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 Experiment 3 Pg .
176
⚫ Compute the MIMO zero-forcing receiver for the channel matrix H given
as

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 MIMO-
OFDM

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 MIMO OFDM Transmitter
Schematic

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 MIMO-OFDM receiver schematic

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 Thank
You

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