WATER RESOURCE

MANAGEMENT OF
PAKISTAN

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INDUS
RIVER
BASIN
FROM
SPACE

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 WATER RESOURCE MANAGEMENT
Water Resources Management is the integrating
concept for a number of water sub-sectors
 hydropower
 water supply and sanitation
 irrigation and drainage
 environment.

An integrated water resources perspective

ensures that social, economic, environmental and
technical dimensions are taken into account in
the management and development of water
resources.
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 OVERVIEW
PAKISTAN IS ONE OF THE WORLD’S MOST ARID
COUNTRIES, WITH AN AVERAGE RAINFALL OF
UNDER 240 MM A YEAR.6 THE POPULATION AND
THE ECONOMY ARE HEAVILY DEPENDENT ON AN
ANNUAL INFLUX INTO THE INDUS RIVER SYSTEM
(INCLUDING THE INDUS, JHELUM, CHENAB RAVI,
BEAS AND SUTLEJ RIVERS) OF ABOUT 180
BILLION CUBIC METERS OF WATER, THAT
EMANATES FROM THE NEIGHBORING COUNTRIES
AND IS MOSTLY DERIVED FROM SNOW-MELT IN
THE HIMALAYAS
 OVERVIEW-2
7

The balance between population and

available water already makes
Pakistan one of the most water
stressed countries of the world
with rapid population growth it will
soon enter a condition of absolute
water scarcity
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 DECLINING PER CAPITA AVAILABILITY
OF WATER IN PAKISTAN
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(Cubic Meters Per Capita Per Year)
 WATER RESOURCES
OF PAKISTAN
10

Rain fall
Glacier
Ground water
 RAINFALL
Pakistan lies in an 11
arid and
semi arid climate zone
Sources of rainfall
 Monsoon
 Western disturbances
Mean Annual rainfall
 Lower Indus Plain < 100 mm
 Upper Indus Plain > 750 mm
Average seasonal rainfall
 Kharif = 212 mm
 Rabi = 53 mm
10 YEARS AVERAGE(1990-99) RAINFALL
OF SOME MAJOR
12 CITIES
 GLACIER
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Catchment area of Indus basin contains some of

the largest glacier in the world outside the polar
region.
Glacier area of upper Indus catchment is about
2250 Km2 and accounts about 80% of summer
runoff in river.
Kabul River originates from southern Hindukush
and starts rising approximately a month earlier
than Indus and fulfill the irrigation requirement of
late Rabi and early Kharif crops.
Snow melt account for more than 50% of the flow
in Jhelum River.
 SURFACE WATER ACCOUNT
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MAF
Average annual volume of water 154.00
from rainfall and snow melt
From Western Rivers 144.91
From Eastern Rivers 9.14
Diversion for irrigation 104.73
Flow to see 39.40
System losses 9.90
DETAIL OF SURFACE WATER AVAILABILITY
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MAF
River Average Average Average
annual flow annual flow annual flow
(1922-61) (1985-95) (2001-02)
Indus 93 62.7 48.0
Jhelum 23 26.6 11.85
Chenab 26 27.5 12.38
Ravi 7 5.0 1.47
Sutlej 14 3.6 0.02
Kabul 26 23.4 18.9
Total 189 148.8 92.62
SURFACE WATER SUPPLIES AND
CONSUMPTIONS
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 Ground Water
Total Groundwater Potential = 55 MAF
Groundwater Abstraction = 41.5 MAF
Punjab (81 % abstraction)
 80 % Fresh water, 20 % Saline
Sind (12 % abstraction)
 23 % Fresh water & 77 % Saline
NWFP (5 % Abstraction)
Balochistan (1.2 % Abstraction)

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GROWTH IN USE OF TUBEWELLS

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GROWING ROLE OF GROUNWATER
IRRIGATION

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DEVELOPMENT OF IRRIGATION
SYSTEM IN PAKISTAN
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Average annual
Description withdrawals
(MAF)
Under Colonial Rule 67
(1850 – 1947)
Post independence 85
development (1947-60)
Indus Water Treaty 1960 108~105
 21

INDUS WATER TREATY 1960

INDUS WATERS TREATY, 1960
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SALIENT FEATURES
All waters of eastern rivers namely Ravi, Beas
and Sutlej allocated to India.
All waters of western rivers namely Indus,
Jhelum and Chenab allocated to Pakistan except
some specified uses in occupied Kashmir.
Pakistan to meet the requirements of its eastern
river canals from the western rivers by
constructing suitable replacement works.
Safeguards incorporated in the treaty to ensure
unrestricted flow of waters in the western rivers.
INDUS WATERS TREATY, 1960
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SALIENT FEATURES
Either party constructing a work affecting the other party to
inform the other party at least six months in advance and
supply necessary details to enable the other party to
satisfy itself that the proposed work does not adversely
affect the other party.
Permanent Indus commission constituted to watch
implementation of the treaty and resolve by negotiations
any problem arising thereof.
Procedure for settlement of differences and disputes
outlined.
Differences and disputes first to be resolved by
negotiations by the permanent Indus commission failing
which procedure for settling such
 INDUS BASIN PROJECTS
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DAMS
i) Terbela on River Indus.
ii) Mangla on River Jhehlum

NEW BARRAGES
i) Chashma Barrage on River Indus
ii) New Rasul Barrage on River Jhehlum
iii) New Marala Barrage on River Chenab
iv) Qadirabab Barrage on River Chenab
v) New Sidhnai Barrage on River Ravi
vi) Mailsi Syphon on River Sutlej
 INDUS BASIN PROJECTS
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NEW LINK CANALS

i) Chashma Jhelum Link (C-J Link)
ii) Taunsa Panjnad Link (T-P Link)
iii) Rasul Qadirabad Link (R-Q Link)
iv) Qadirabad Balloki Lin (Q-B Link)
v) Balloki Sulemanki Link II (B-S Link II)
vi) Trimmu Sidhnai Link (T-S Link)
vii) Sidhnai – Milsi – Bahawal Link (S-M-B Link)

OLD BARRAGES REMODELLED.

i) Trimmu Barrage
ii) Balloki Barrage
KEY WATER INFORMATION
No. of major rivers 5 (Indus, Jhelum, Chenab,
Ravi and Satluj)
No. of major reservoirs 3
No. of barrages / HW / Syphons 23
No. of main canal system 45
No. of interlink canals 12
Length of canals 60800 Km
Length of watercourses 1.6 Million Km
Average canal water diversion 104.7 MAF
Groundwater abstraction 41.6 MAF
No. of tubewells >550,000
Irrigated area 36 Million Acres
Average escapage to the sea 39.4 MAF
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ANNUAL CANAL DIVERSION AND
ESCAPAGES TO THE SEA
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STORAGE PER CAPITA IN DIFFERENT
SEMI ARID COUNTRIES
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INDUS
RIVER
BASIN

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INDUS BASIN
IRRIGATION
SYSTEM
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 LARGE
DAM IN
PAKISTAN 31
 SALIENT FEATURE OF MANGLA DAM

Dam type Earth fill

Height 380 ft (above riverbed)
Length 10,300 feet
Lake Area 97.70 Sq. Miles
Catchment Area 12,870 Sq. Miles
Gross Storage Capacity 5.88 MAF
Live storage capacity 5.34 MAF
Main spillway capacity 1.01 Million Cusecs
Year of completion 1967
Hydropower generation 1000 MW
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 RAISING OF MANGLA DAM
The capacity of Mangla Dam has been
reduced by 19.22 % due to silting
Raising of Mangla Dam is in progress,
main features are: -
 Increasein height = 40 feet
 Additional storage = 3.1 MAF
 Additional power = 1000 GWh

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 SALIENT FEATURE OF TARBELA DAM

Dam type Earth and rockfill

Height 485 ft (above riverbed)
Reservoir Area 95 Sq. Miles
Gross storage 11.62 MAF
capacity
Live storage 9.7 MAF
capacity
Main spillway 6.5 Million Cusecs
capacity
Year of completion 1977
Power generation 3,478
34 MW
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 STORAGE LOSS IN EXISTING
RESERVOIRS 36

Designed Existing
Live Live Percenta
Dam
Storage Storage ge Loss
(MAF) (MAF)
Tarbela 9.7 7.2 -26%
Mangla 5.3 / 4.75 4.5 -15%
Chashma 0.9 0.4 -55%
Total 15.9 12.1 -25%
 37

WATER ACCORD 1991

SALIENT FEATURES OF ACCORD 1991
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Existing uses of provinces remain untouched
and protected.

N.W.F.P / Baluchistan projects which are under execution are

provided their authorized quota of water as existing uses.

Need for additional storages on the Indus and other rivers

admitted and recognized for planned future agricultural
development.

Need for minimum escapages to sea below Kotri to check sea

intrusion recognized. Further studies desired to establish
minimal escapage needs below Kotri.
SALIENT FEATURES OF ACCORD 1991
39
No restrictions on Baluchistan to develop water
resources of Indus tributaries flowing through
its area.
Need for establishing Indus river authority for
implementation of the accord recognized and
accepted.
IRSA to have headquarters at Lahore and to
have representation from the four provinces.
Sharing procedure laid down in Para 14(b) of
the accord
Provinces are free to under take new projects
within their agreed shares.
Within their allocations provinces may modify
uses both system wise and period wise.
 APPORTIONMENT OF WATERS OF THE
INDUS RIVER SYSTEM
BETWEEN THE PROVINCES-ACCORD 1991
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(MAF)

PROVINCES KHARIF RABI TOTAL

PUNJAB 37.07 18.87 55.94
SINDH* 33.94 14.82 48.76
N.W.F.P (a) 3.48 2.30 5.78
CIVIL CANALS (b)** 1.80 1.20 3.00
BALUCHISTAN 2.85 1.02 3.87
TOTAL 77.34 37.01 114.35
CIVIL CANALS (b)** 1.80 1.20 3.00
* INCLUDING ALREADY SANCTIONED URBAN AND INDUSTRIAL USES FOR
METROPOLITAN KARACHI.
** UNGAUGED CIVIL CANALS ABOVE THE RIM STATIONS.
BALANCE RIVER SUPPLIES (INCLUDING FLOOD SUPPLIES
AND FUTURE STORAGES) SHALL BE DISTRIBUTED AS BELOW:
PUNJAB SINDH N.W.F.P. BALUCHISTAN TOTAL:
37% 37% 14% 12% 100%
 SHARING PROCEDURE
PARA (14) 41
OF ACCORD.
14(a) The System Wise Allocations will be worked out
separately on ten daily basis and will be attached
with this agreement as part and parcel of it.
14(b) The record of actual Average System uses for
the period 1977-82 would form the guide line for
developing a future regulation pattern. These ten
daily uses would be adjusted pro-rata to
correspond to indicated seasonal allocations of
the different canal systems and would form
the basis for sharing shortages and surpluses
on all Pakistan basis.
 APPORTIONMENT OF THE INDUS WATERS
(PROMISE AND PROSPECTS) –
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AN HISTORIC ACCORD: 21 MARCH 1991

MAIN FEATURES
Existing uses of all provinces to be
protected.

Allocations to different canal systems to

be worked out separately on the basis of
ten daily uses. These uses to help
determine sharing of shortages and
surpluses
WATER APPORTIONMENT ACCORD 1991
SHARING PROCEDURE
43

Sindh holds that the available river supply

should be shared between Punjab and Sindh on
the basis of para (2) accord allocations reflected
in para 14(a) of the accord.

Punjab emphasizes that the relevant clause for

sharing of available river supply is para 14 (b) of
the accord, which envisages sharing of
shortages and surpluses on all Pakistan basis
on the basis of average system uses 1978-82.
SHARE OF THE PROVINCES AS PER
WATER ACCORD 1991
Province Kharif Rabi Total
(MAF) (MAF) (MAF)
Punjab 37.07 18.87 55.94
Sindh 33.94 14.82 48.76
NWFP 05.28 03.50 08.78
Balochistan 02.85 01.02 03.87

Total 77.34 37.01 114.35

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INDUS RIVER SYSTEM AUTHORITY
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Comprises Five Members. One from each

Province and one from Federal Government.

First Chairman Member Balochistan followed by

NWFP, Punjab, Sindh and Federal.

Term of Office

Chairman One Year

Member Three Years

DECISION MAKING PROCESS IN IRSA
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Decisions taken by majority votes.

In case of equality of votes,

chairman exercises casting vote.

Aggrieved party to approach

Council of Common Interest for
redressal.
WATER MANAGEMENT PROCEDURE

IRSA prepares the Forecast of Water Availability

for Kharif and Rabi crops
Based on water availability
47 Forecast IRSA
determines Provincial shares according to Water
Accord Provisions.
Punjab prepares Canal Operation / Distribution
Programme based on its share in consultation
with Punjab Agriculture Department.

If Punjab share is short of requirements Rotational

Programme of operation of channels is prepared
and implemented by the field formations.
 48

PRESENT PROJECTS
PAKISTAN WATER STRATEGY AND WAPDA’S VISION 2025

The Pakistan Water Strategy and WAPDA’s

Vision 2025 have reviewed likely future
demands and the implied requirements for
storage.
If no new storage is built, canal
diversions will remain stagnant at about 104
MAF and the shortfall will increase by about
12% over the next decade.
The Pakistan Water Strategy calculates that
Pakistan needs to raise storage capacity by 18
MAF (6 MAF for replacement of storage lost to
siltation and 12 MAF of new storage) by 2025
in order to meet the projected requirements of
134 MAF. 49
 RAISING OF MANGLA DAM PROJECT
At Mangla Azad Jummu and
Location Kashmir and District Jhelum
(Punjab)
Dam Type Dam Earth and Rockfill
Length 11200 Ft.
Height 420 Ft.
Canal Length 0 Miles
Canal Capacity 0
Storage 2.9 MAF
Power 772 KW
Cost 1025 Million US($)
Con. Period 6 Years
Rs.8000 Million has been
Status arranged by WAPDA, through
SUKUK Bonds.
International Competitive
Implementation
Bidding (ICB)
River Jhelum
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 SABAKZAI DAM PROJECT
About 2 miles (3km) upstream of Sabakzai
Location
village Zhob Distt. Bulochistan
Dam Type Dam Earth Fill Zoned Embankment
Length 1300 Ft.
Height 98.42 Ft.
Canal Capacity 3284
Storage 25046 AF
Area To Benefit 25000 Acres
Power 100 KW
Cost 19 Million US($)
Con. Period 3 Years
Status Feasibility complete. PC-I Sumitted.
River Sawar Rud Tributry Zhob

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 SATPARA DAM PROJECT
About 3.74 Miles 6 KM South
Location
of Skardu. FANA
Dam Type Dam Earthfill
Length 560 Ft.
Height 128 Ft.

Canal Length 24.5 Miles

Canal Capacity 170

Storage 0.05 MAF
Area To Benefit 15536 Acres
Power 12.7 KW
Cost 36 Million US($)
Con. Period 4.25 Years
Status Construction in progress.
River Satpara Stream
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 MIRANI DAM PROJECT
In the Dasht River Basin about
30 miles (48 km) West of Turbat
Location
Town in Makran Divn of
Bulochistan.
Dam Type Dam Concrete Faced Rock Fill
Length 335 Ft.
Height 127 Ft.
Canal
377
Capacity
Storage 0.3 MAF
Area To
33200 Acres
Benefit
Cost 101 Million US($)
Con. Period 4 Years
Under Construction on EPC/Turnkey
Status
Basis
River Dasht
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FUTURE PROJECTS

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INDUS AND JHELUM OFF CHANNEL STORAGE SITES

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 KALABAGH DAM

Dam Height 260 Ft.

Storage 6.18 MAF

River INDUS

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 BASHA DIAMER DAM PROJECT
About 200 miles(320 km)
Location
upstream of Tarbela Dam.

Dam Type Dam Roller Compacted concrete

Length 3402 Ft.
Height 909 Ft.

Canal Length 0 Miles

Canal Capacity 0

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SURFACE STORAGE IMPLEMENTATION PROGRAM

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SEDIMENTATION AND STORAGE CAPACITY

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60
 WATER RESOURCE
DEVELOPMENT IN POTOHAR
PLATEAU OF PUNJAB
PROVINCE

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 KEY FEATURES OF POTOHAR PLATEAU
LOCATION RAINFED AREA OF NORTHERN
PUNJAB COMPRISING DISTRICT
JHELUM .CHAKWAL, RAWAL PINDI.
ATTOCK AND ISLAMABAD
AREA 22000 Sq.Km

No. OF VILLAGES 2600

POPULATION 4.2 MILLION

ANNUAL RAINFALL 400 TO 1400 MM

TOPOGRAPHY UNEVEN WITH STEEP SLOPES

MAIN RIVERS INDUS & JHELUM

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 STATISTICS
63

Description Punjab Province Potohar plateau

Area 205345 Sq Km 24000 Sq Km
Population 74.0 Million 6.66 Million
Cultivated 10.70 M ha 1.00 M ha
Area
Irrigated 8.10 M ha 25500 ha
(75.70% of CA) (2.55% of CA)
Rain fed 2.60 M ha 0.987 M ha
(24.30% of CA) (97.45% of CA)
 HYDROLOGY OF POTOHAR
64

Total basin area 22307 Sq. Km

No. of basins 6 (Soan, Haro,
Reshi, Bunha,
Kahan and Kanshi)
Average yearly runoff 1.88 MAF
Runoff Tapped 0.22 MAF (11.70%)
Balance runoff 1.66 MAF (88.30%)
available
 Area D
r
Harro River R i ve r
r
rang i ve
Ko R
iv e
Attock an
So
sR

Haro Basin Rawal Pindi

du
In

Area C F Jang Area A

ver
Li n g Ri

Reshi Basin
Soan Basin
Kanshi Basin
Area B Sill River

Soan River
Chakwal
Kahan Basin Jhelum
Talagang
Bunha Basin

iv er
Area A m R
lu
Jhe

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 DETAIL OF DAMS
66

Dams Constructed by WAPDA (1962) 1 No.

Dams Constructed by ADC (1961-1972) 10 No.
Dams Constructed by Small Dams
Organization
1973-1986 8 No.
1986-1995 (ADB Funded) 12 No.
2000-2005 10 No.
Dams under construction 9 No.
Total 50 No.
 DISTRICT WISE DETAIL OF DAMS
67

District Completed Under construction

Islamabad 2 0
Rawalpindi 6 1
Attock 15 1
Chakwal 12 4
Jhelum 6 3
Total 41 9
 BENEFITS FROM 50 DAMS
68

 Assured Irrigation supplies to 25500 ha of

land
 Drinking water supplies
 22 MGD from Rawal Dam to Rawalpindi city
 0.55 MGD from Khokharzer Dam to Ckakwal City
 2.5 MGD from different dams for small schemes
 Flood Control
 Development of Fish Culture
 Improvement in environment
 Ground water recharge
 Recreational facilities