CHEMISTRY II

MODULE I

Quantification of chemical processes in your

environment
 Pre-requisites
 Concept of chemistry.
 Concept of Atom.
 Knowledge of atom structure.
 Concept of electron, proton, and neutron.
 Atomic mass.
 Knowledge of The Periodic Table.
Atomic mass
 The mass of an atom depends on the number of electrons, protons, and
neutrons it contains. 1 – (Carbon-12 is the
 carbon isotope that
By international agreement, atomic mass (sometimes called atomic
has six protons and
weight) is the mass of the atom in atomic mass units (amu). One atomic
six neutrons)
mass unit is defined as a mass exactly equal to one-twelfth the mass of
one carbon-121 atom.

Average Atomic Mass / Relative Atomic Mass / Atomic

weight  For example, the natural abundances of carbon-12 and carbon-13 are
98.90 percent and 1.10 percent, respectively. The atomic mass of
carbon-13 has been determined to be 13.00335 amu.
Thus, the average atomic mass of carbon can be calculated as follows:

Average atomic mass of natural carbon = (0.989)(12.0 amu) +(0.011)(13.00335 amu)

= 12.01 amu
Concept of Mole (mol)
 In the SI1 system the mole (mol) is the amount of a substance that 1-(from French Système
International)
contains as many elementary entities (atoms, molecules, or other
particles) as there are atoms in exactly 12 g (or 0.012 kg) of the carbon-
12 isotope.

 The actual number of atoms in 12 g of carbon-12 is determined

experimentally. This number is called Avogadro’s number (NA), in honor of
the Italian scientist Amedeo Avogadro. The currently accepted value is:

NA = 6.0221415 x 1023
 We have seen that 1 mole of carbon-12 atoms has a mass of exactly 12 g and
contains 6.022 x 1023 atoms. This mass of carbon-12 is its molar mass (M),
defined as the mass (in grams or kilograms) of 1 mole of units (such as atoms
or molecules) of a substance.
 Knowing the molar mass and Avogadro’s number, we can calculate the mass of
a single atom in grams. For example, we know the molar mass of carbon-12 is
12.00 g and there are 6.022 x 1023 carbon-12 atoms in 1 mole of the
substance; therefore, the mass of one carbon-12 atom is given by

 We can use the preceding result to determine the relationship between atomic
mass units and grams. Because the mass of every carbon-12 atom is exactly 12
amu, the number of atomic mass units equivalent to 1 gram is:
Examples
Molecular mass
 The molecular mass (sometimes called molecular weight) is the sum of the
atomic masses (in amu) in the molecule.
 Exercises
1)

2)

3)

4)

5)
6)

7)
1. a) 5.88x1023 g
b)36.457g
2. 20.87 g
3. 30.9 g
4. 0.14 mol
5. 0.4 mol
6. 0.09 mol
7. 0.002 mol
Percent Composition of Compounds
 The percent composition is the percent by mass of each element in a
compound.

 where n is the number of moles of the element in 1 mole of the compound. For example,
in 1 mole of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) there are 2 moles of H atoms and 2 moles of O
atoms. The molar masses of H2O2, H, and O are 34.02 g, 1.008 g, and 16.00 g,
respectively. Therefore, the percent composition of H2O2 is calculated as follows:
Examples
 Exercises
1)

2)

3)

4)

5)

6)
Homework
 RESEARCH WORK
1  Cover Page
1. Logo UAL
2 2. Full name
3. “Class 2E”
3 4. Title
5. Submission date
4  Content
 Main content
5  Personal Conclusion/ Opinion / Summary
 Bibliography (APA format)
Homework
 EXERCISES
1  Cover Page
1. Logo UAL
2 2. Full name
3. “Class 2E”
3 4. “EXERCISES”
5. Submission date
4  Content
 Complete exercises with their procedure
5
Homework
 Investigate a compound containing one of the following elements:
 Na
 K
 Fe
 Cu
 N
 F
 S
 Describe all the properties of the compound.
 Describe the complete process of elaboration of the compound and include
the commercial uses of the compound.
 Homework (exercises)
 How many moles are in 500 g of:  How many grams are in 72 moles of:
1. NaCl 1. NaCl
2. H2SO4 2. H2SO3
3. NaHCO3 3. Na2CO3
4. H3PO4 4. H3PO3
5. NaOH 5. Na2O
6. KOH 6. K2O
7. MgSO4 7. MgSO4 · 7H2O
 Calculate the percent composition of:
1. CH3OH
2. C12H22O11
3. C3H5N3O9
Chemical Reactions and Chemical Equations
 Chemical reaction, a process in which a substance (or substances) is changed
into one or more new substances.
 Chemical equation uses symbols to show what happens during a chemical
reaction.

 where the “plus” sign means “reacts with” and the arrow means “to yield.” Thus,
this symbolic expression can be read: “Molecular hydrogen reacts with molecular
oxygen to yield water.” The reaction is assumed to proceed from left to right as
the arrow indicates.
 We refer to H2 and O2 in Equation as reactants, which are the starting
materials in a chemical reaction. Water is the product, which is the substance
formed as a result of a chemical reaction. A chemical equation, then, is just
the chemist’s shorthand description of a reaction. In a chemical equation, the
reactants are conventionally written on the left and the products on the right
of the arrow:

 Stoichiometry is the quantitative study of reactants and products in a

chemical reaction.

 Whether the units given for reactants (or products) are moles, grams,
liters (for gases), or some other units, we use moles to calculate the
amount of product formed in a reaction. This approach is called the mole
method, which means simply that the stoichiometric coefficients in a
chemical equation can be interpreted as the number of moles of each
substance.
Exercises
HOMEWORK
 Laws Of Chemical Combination For Elements And Compounds
 Law of Conservation of Mass
 Law of Definite Proportions
 Law of Multiple Proportions
 Gay Loussac's Law of Gaseous Volumes
 Avogadro’s Law
Limiting Reagents
 When a chemist carries out a reaction, the reactants are usually not present
in exact stoichiometric amounts, in the proportions indicated by the
balanced equation.

 The reactant used first in a reaction is called the limiting reagent because
the maximum amount of product formed depends on how much of this
reactant was originally present.

 Excess reagents are the reactants present in quantities greater than

necessary to react with the quantity of the limiting reagent.
 Consider the formation of nitrogen dioxide (NO2) from nitric oxide (NO) and oxygen:

 Suppose initially we have 8 moles of NO and 7 moles of O2. One way to determine
which of the two reactants is the limiting reagent is to calculate the number of moles
of NO2 obtained based on the initial quantities of NO and O2. From the preceding
definition, we see that only the limiting reagent will yield the smaller amount of the
product. Starting with 8 moles of NO, we find the number of moles of NO2 produced is

 and starting with 7 moles of O2, the number of moles of NO2 formed is

 Because NO results in a smaller amount of NO2, it must be the limiting reagent.

Therefore, O2 is the excess reagent.
Examples
Exercises