Population Crisis

Agriculture Issues
Unemployment Water Issues
Health Issues Education

Contemporary Issues
in Pakistan
By
Associate Lecturer
Kamil Shehzad Bakhsh
 Demography of Pakistan

 What is demography?

 Demography is the science of populations.

Demographers seek to understand population
dynamics by investigating three main
demographic processes: birth, migration, and
aging (including death).
 Demography of Pakistan
Population 242,923,845 (2022) Approximation
Density 260.8/km2
Growth rate 1.85 to 1.91% (2021 est.)
Birth rate 27.5 births / 1,000 population (2021 est.)
Death rate 7.2 deaths / 1,000 population (2021 est.)
Life expectancy 66.1 years (2021 est.)
• male and female 63.8 years (2021 est.) and 68.6 years (2021 est.)
Fertility rate 3.47 children born / woman (2021 est.)
Net migration rate −2.0 migrants / 1,000 population (2021 est.)
immigrants (people moving into a given country) minus the
number of emigrants (people moving out of the country)

Age structure
0–14 years 40.3% (2017)
15–64 years 56.0% (2017) - Youth (it could be termed as Youth Bulge)
65 and over 3.7% (2017)
 Population Growth of Pakistan
Historical Population of Pakistan
(four provinces and Islamabad)
Year Pop. ±% p.a.
1951 33,740,167 —
1961 42,880,378 +2.43%
1972 65,309,340 +3.90%
1981 84,253,644 +2.87%
1998 132,352,279 +2.69%
2017 207,684,626 +2.40%
Province 1951 1972 1998 2017
Punjab 20,540,762 37,607,423 73,691,290 109,989,655
Sindh 6,047,748 14,155,909 30,439,893 47,854,510
KPK 5,888,550 10,879,781 20,919,976 35,501,964
Balochistan 1,167,167 2,428,678 6,565,885 12,335,129
ICT 95,940 237,549 805,235 2,003,368
 Issues Related to Population
 REASONS of High Population: Illiteracy, culture, Religion,
Poverty, Family
Pressure, Want of Son.
 Exponential Growth in Population is resulting in:
A. Economic Growth will be slow
B. Unemployment and Poverty will Increase
C. Scarcity of Resources ( Water and food shortage)
D. Low quality of Life
E. Pressure on social Structure: Marriages, Hospitals, Schools, Universities etc.
F. Youth will loose confidence in the system and country
G. Urbanization will increase which will put pressure on big cities
H. Spread of disease Is quick (pandemics)
 Issues in Pakistan
Agricultural Issues :
 1.Outdated modes of cultivation, which cause low per acre yield.
 2. Water Logging and Salinity. Attention is being given to these since
mid-1960. Results on desertification.
 3. Crop diseases is a big problem. Technical support is being provided
by Department of Agriculture.
 4.Other handicaps are:
 low quality seeds
 costly fertilizers
 non-availability of electricity or oil for tube well etc.
 Agricultural Issues
 5. Water related problem, sometimes it is too little, but
sometimes it is too much.
 Cleaning of Canals is also necessary to provide water at the end
of canal.
 6. Credit facilities are also problematic.
 7. Access to market is difficult. Infrastructure issues.
 8. Availability of reasonable price should be ensured for the
welfare of the farmers and high yield of crop.
 Health and its Systematic Issues

 1. Low Budgetary allocation

 2. Lack of doctors and hospitals
 3. Poor Physical infrastructure
 4. Weak human resources
 5. Population growth
 6. Uncontrolled Prices of the medicines.
 Health Issues

 7. Quackery/deception
 8. Brain drain
 9. Absenteeism of staff
 10. Lack of accountability
 11. Fake/Spurious Medicines
 Water Issues
 Pakistan is experiencing devastating environmental issues
such as
 air pollution,
 deforestation,
 climate change,
 water scarcity.
 Lack of Dams
 Polluted Water System
 Polluted Water resulting in health issues.
Education in
Pakistan and Its
Issues

In Pakistan we hardly
distinguish between
Literacy and
Education:
 Issues in Education System

 Budget  Difference in Private and

 Non availability of Resources Public Institutes
 Infrastructure issues  Unattractive books and content

 Low Literacy of Parents  Less Practical studies

 Enrollment and Retention  Education system discourages

questioning and innovation
 Teachers related Issues
 Rote learning is preferred
 Obsolete Examination System
 No Uniform curriculum
 Politicization of education
 What is Unemployment?
 The term unemployment refers to a situation
where a person actively searches for
employment but is unable to find work.
Unemployment is considered to be a key
measure of the health of the economy.
 Unemployment is a key economic indicator
because it signals the ability (or inability) of
workers to obtain gainful work and
contribute to the productive output of the
economy. More unemployed workers mean
less total economic production.
 Types of Unemployment
 Frictional Unemployment
This type of unemployment is usually short-lived. It is also the
least problematic, from an economic standpoint. It occurs when
people voluntarily change jobs.
 Cyclical Unemployment
Cyclical unemployment is the variation in the number of
unemployed workers over the course of economic upturns and
downturns, such as those related to changes in oil prices.
Unemployment rises during recessionary periods and declines
during periods of economic growth.
Types of Unemployment

 Structural Unemployment
Structural unemployment comes about through a
technological change in the structure of the economy in
which labor markets operate. Technological changes can lead
to unemployment among workers displaced from jobs that
are no longer needed. Examples of such changes include the
replacement of horse-drawn transport by
automobiles/Cars/Cargo Airplanes etc.
Unemployment & Labour Market in Pakistan
 In 2021, the unemployment rate in Pakistan was at approximately 4.35 percent, a
slight increase from 4.3 percent the previous year (2020).
 Few Programs started from Govt: Kamyab Jawan Programme, Hunarmand Pakistan-
Skill for All Programme, Youth Entrepreneurship Scheme (YES), National Youth
Council (NYC), Kamyab Jawan Talent Hunt Youth Sports League, Kamyab Jawan
Markaz.
 Unemployment in Pakistan

Causes of Unemployment Effects of Unemployment

 Overgrowth of Population
 Illiteracy
 Flawed Education System
 Economic State of Pakistan
 Energy Crisis
 Less Money
 Health Stress & Mental
Disturbance
 Economic Suffering
 Social Dilemmas
 Labor Exploitation
 Marital Problems
 Corruption Index
 The Corruption Perceptions Index (CPI) is the most widely used global corruption ranking in the
world. It measures how corrupt each country’s public sector is perceived to be, according to experts
and businesspeople.
 Bribery
 Diversion of public funds
 Officials using their public office for private gain without facing consequences
 Ability of governments to contain corruption in the public sector
 Excessive red tape in the public sector which may increase opportunities for corruption
 Nepotistic appointments in the civil service
 Laws ensuring that public officials must disclose their finances and potential conflicts of interest
 Legal protection for people who report cases of bribery and corruption
 Access to information on public affairs/government activities