Cabrillo College

Ch. 1 – Review
CCNA Semester 2
Rick Graziani, Instructor
Jan. 22, 2002
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This Presentation
 This presentation contains mostly diagrams
from the Cisco On-line curriculum for Chapter
1 – Review, and very little text.
 This presentation is meant only as a review
and does not contain explanations for the
topics.
 Some of these topics, like TCP, will be
discussed in more detail, later this semester.
 For more information on these topics,
students should go to the on-line curriculum
for Semester 2, Chapter 1 Review, or the on-
line curriculum for Semester 1.
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Today’s Enterprise

 LANs interconnected
 High bandwidth needed
 WAN relay

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OSI Reference Model

 Created in 1984 by the ISO.

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Media and Host Layers

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Networking Devices

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Why a Layered Network Model

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7 - Application Layer
 Network processes to
applications
– Provides network
services to user
applications

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6 – Presentation Layer
 Data Representation
– Code Formatting
– Negotiation of data
transfer
– Ensures information sent
by the application can be
transmitted on the
network
– Data encryption

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5 – Session Layer
 Interhost
communication
– Establishes, maintains,
and manages sessions
between applications

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4 – Transport Layer
 End-to-end connections
– Segmentation
– Reassembly into data
stream
– Offers potential of reliable
transport

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TCP/IP Transport Layer

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3 – Network Layer
 Addresses and best
path
– Logical addressing is
used at this layer
• IP, AppleTalk, IPX, etc.
– Routers reside at this
layer

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2 - Data-Link Layer
 Access to media
– Physical transmission
across the medium
– Error notification,
network topology and
flow control
– Uses MAC (physical)
addresses
– Switches and bridges
reside at this layer
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Data Link Sublayers

LLC
LLC(Logical
(LogicalLink
LinkControl)
Control)
MAC
MAC(Media
(MediaAccess
AccessControl)
Control)

IEEE 802 Extension to the OSI Model

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Logical Link Control

 Provides independence to the protocols

running in the upper and lower layers.
 The LLC acts as a managing buffer
between the “executive” upper layers
and the “shipping department” lower
layers.

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Logical Link Control (con’t)

 The LLC sublayer uses Source Service

Access Points (SSAPs) and Destination
Service Access Points (DSAPs) to help
the lower layers communicate to the
Network layer protocols.
 The MAC sublayer must understand
what to do with the data after the frame
header has been stripped off.
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Media Access Control
 Responsible for the actual framing
(building the 1s and 0s to hand off to
the physical layer.
 Responsible for media access:
• Contention
• Token Passing
• Polling

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1 – Physical Layer
 Binary Transmission
– Provides the electrical,
mechanical, procedural
and functional means for
activating and
maintaining the physical
link between systems.
– The media resides at this
layer

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Physical Layer Functions

 IEEE 802.3 standards:

– 10BaseT - twisted pair
– 10Base2 - thinnet
– 10Base5 - thicknet
– 100BaseTX - 100 Mbps, twisted pair
– 100BaseFX - 100 Mbps, fiber

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Protocol Data Units

 Packets are also known as datagrams.

datagrams

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Data Encapsulation Example

End
System

Intermediate
Systems

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Data Encapsulation

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Various Types of Network Media

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Ethernet / 802.3

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CSMA/CD w/ 802.3

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Physical & Logical Addresses

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Network Interface Card (NIC)

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Ethernet Adapter

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MAC Addressing / Physical

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Finding a MAC Address

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ARP, RARP

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Logical Addressing

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IP Addressing

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IP Header Example
IP Header - Internet Protocol Datagram
Version: 4
Header Length: 5
Precedence: 0
Type of Service: %0000
Unused: %0
Total Length: 40
Identifier: 701
Fragmentation Flags: %010 Do Not Fragment
Fragment Offset: 0
Time To Live: 64
IP Type: 0x06 TCP
Header Checksum: 0xb6bc
Source IP Address: 192.168.0.5
Dest. IP Address: 192.168.0.1
No Internet Datagram Options
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Ethernet II Header Example
Ethernet Header
Destination: 00:c0:df:c3:3a:8c
MAC
Source: 00:a0:c9:4a:40:ef
Protocol Type:08-00 IP LLC

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Data Encapsulation Example

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Data Link Layer Functions

Two functions of the Mac sublayer?

– Handles access to shared media
– Provides SAPs for higher level
protocols
– Allows multiple devices to uniquely
identify one another on the data link
layer
– Manages protocol access to the
physical network medium
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 Data Link Layer Functions

 Three functions of LLC sublayer?

– Provides logical address
– Provides hw addr
– Capable of flow control and
sequencing
– Enables media independence for
upper layers
– Provides saps that mac sublayer
functions use
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Data Link Functions

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A Look at the Upper Layers

Application Layer
Presentation Layer
Session Layer ?
Transport Layer
Network Layer
Data Link Layer Media Layers
Physical Layer

OSI Model 41
Application (Layer 7)

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Presentation (Layer 6)

This is on the CCNA test!

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Session (Layer 5)

This is on the CCNA test too!

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Transport (Layer 4)
 Segments upper-
layer data
 Establishes an end-
to-end connection
 Sends segments
from one end host to
another
 Optionally, ensures
data reliability

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Transport Layer Operation

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Establishing a Connection

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Sending Segments with Flow
Control

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Reliability with Windowing

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Connection-Oriented Services

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Positive Acknowledgement and
Retransmission (PAR)

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TCP/IP’s Transport Layer
TCP/IP uses two protocols at Layer 4:
TCP and UDP.

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TCP vs UDP
 TCP - Transmission Control Protocol
– connection-oriented, reliable
– sends “streams” of data
– more overhead than UDP (less efficient)
 UDP - User Datagram Protocol
– connectionless, unreliable
– sends “datagrams”
– faster than TCP

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TCP and UDP

 A packet will use either TCP or UDP,

but not both.
 Normally, the application makes this
choice for the user.

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