ANTIBODY,IMMUNE RESPONSE

AND THEIR DETECTION

DR BETSY
INTRODUCTION

 Immunity refers to a process by which a host organism protects

itself from attack by external and internal agents.

 This response is accomplished through cellular and humoral

mechanisms.

 The cellular mechanism is mediated by T cells.

 The humoral mechanism is comprised of B cells and the specific
antibodies they produce called immunoglobulin along with the
complement components.
OVERVIEW OF AN IMMUNE SYSTEM

 One of the fundamental concept of the immune system is to

distinguish the self versus nonself.

 Self refers to anything that is derived from the host

 Non self refers to anything physically outside the host

 When foreign objects or damaged host cells are detected by the
immune system , an immune response occurs.

1. Primary immune response (natural/innate)

2. Secondary immune response (adaptive/acquired)
1. First line of defense is with physical barriers

2. Second line of defense can be elicited as a non specific response

3. The last line of defense is by a specific response mounted by an

acquired immune system with the help of memory cells.
INNATE IMMUNITY

 Non specific
 Present at birth
 Does not need modification to function and not altered
 Includes phagocytic leukocytes and NK cells,cytokines and
opsonins.
 Complement system
 Complement system has 3 roles
1. Lysis of abnormal and pathogenic cells by binding of antibody
2. Opsonization and phagocytosis
3. Mediation of inflammation
AQUIRED IMMUNITY

 Antibodies as a specific immune effectors.

 2 types
1. Cellular immunity mediated by T cells
2. Humoral immunity mediated by B cells
 One of the most important part of the humoral immunity is
antibodies.
 Called immunoglobulins
 Immune because of their function
 Globulins because they are the type of globular soluble proteins.
 Function is to bind antigens
 The immune reaction against the antigen stimulates the production
of antibodies that will match the epitope of the antigen
CELLS AND ORGANS OF THE IMMUNE
SYSTEM

 Lymphocytes
1. T cells
2. B cells
3. NK cells
4. Dendritic cells
5. Macrophages
ORGANS OF THE IMMUNE SYSTEM
PRIMARY AND SECONDARY IMMUNE
RESPONSE
IMMUNE MATURATION

 The lag phase, until an appropriate immune response occurs is

called the latency or window period.

 Primary antibodies are IgM class and secondary antibodies are IgG
class
IMMUNE SYSTEM GENETICS

 Unique immune response based on their genetic inheritance

 Responders are people who have a tendency based on their

inheritance to make antibodies
CHARACTERISTICS OF
IMMUNOGLOBULIN

 It is also called antibody is a complex self protein produced by

plasma cells, with specificity to antigen (immunogen), that
stimulate their production .

 Classified according to their molecular structure of their heavy

chains
IMMUNOGLOBULIN STRUCTURE
COMPLEMENT SYSTEM
ANTIGENIC PROPERTIES THAT
INFLUENCE IMMUNE RESPONSE

 Size
 Complexity
 Conformation
 Charge
 Accessiblity
 Solublity
 Digestiblity
 Chemical composition
CHARACTERISTICS OF BLOOD GROUP
ANTIBODIES

 Polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies

 Naturally occurring and immune antibodies
 Unexpected antibodies
 Alloantibodies and autoantibodies
Characteristics of antigen antibody reactions

 The antigen binding site of the antibody molecule is uniquely

structured to recognize the corresponding antigen.

 The antibody aminoacid sequence cannot be changed without

altering its specificity.
INTERMOLECULAR BINDING FORCES

 Hydrogen bond , electrostatic forces , van der waals forces and

hydrophobic bonds.

 Strong covalent bonds are not involved

ANTIBODY PROPERTIES

 Influences the strength and characteristics of the immune response.

 Affinity is the strength of interaction between antigen and antibody

binding at one individual site.

 Avidity is used to express the binding strength of a multivalent

antigen with the antisera produced.
 Specificity
1. Specific reaction
2. Cross reaction
3. No reaction
 The valency of an antibody is the number of antigen binding site
on the antibody molecule
HOST FACTORS

 Nutritional status
 Hormones
 Genetics
 Age
 Race
 Exercise level
 Disease
 injury
TOLERANCE

 Lack of an immune response or active immunosuppressive

response.
AGGLUTINATION

 Formation of clumps of cells by specific antibodies to surface

antigenic components.
FACTORS INFLUENCING
AGGLUTINATION REACTIONS

 Centrifugation
 Antigen antibody ratio
 PH
 Temperature
 Immunoglobulin type
 Enhancement media
ANTI HUMAN GLOBULIN TEST
THANK YOU