ENGINEERING UTILITIES 2

PLUMBING (BUILDING SYSTEM DESIGN)

GRADING SYSTEM:
MAJOR EXAMS:
PRELIM: 20%
MIDTERM:20%
FINAL: 20%
REQUIREMENTS: 20%
CLASS STANDING/QUIZZES/ATTENDANCE: 20%
TOTAL: 100%
PASSING RATE: 50%

ENGR. ALJON G. LANGUING

INSTRUCTOR
 ENGINEERING UTILITIES 2
PLUMBING (BUILDING SYSTEM DESIGN)
COURSE OUTLINE:
1. Course Introduction
2. Basic Principles of Sanitary/ Plumbing Design
3. Plumbing Materials, Fittings, Fixtures
4. Building Water System and Design
5. Domestic Water Heating
6. Sanitary Drainage Systems
7. OSST/Alternative Waste Systems
8. Plumbing/Water Systems Review
9. Life Safety Systems in Buildings
10. Acoustical Control in Buildings
ENGR. ALJON G. LANGUING 11. Basic Principles in Building Conveying Systems
INSTRUCTOR
 ENGINEERING UTILITIES 2
PLUMBING (BUILDING SYSTEM DESIGN)

LESSON CONTENT:
 COURSE INTRODUCTION
ELEMENTS OF PLUMBING
BASIC PRINCIPLES OF PLUMBING DESIGN
PROPERTIES OF WATER

ENGR. ALJON G. LANGUING

INSTRUCTOR
 PLUMBING
Defined as the art and science of installing pipes, fixtures and other
apparatus to convey and supply water in buildings and to dispose and discharge waste
water and other liquids, gases and other substances out of buildings in a safe, orderly,
healthy and sanitary way to ensure the health and sanitation of life and property.
• The word Plumber is a title given to a person who is skilled in the field of sanitation. It
was derived from the ancient Roman word Plumbarius which was taken from the Latin
word Plumbum.
• Plumbarius refers to an individual who worked in the sanitary field of ancient Rome.
Plumbum on the other hand, mean lead. A metal used as plumbing material by the
Romans, preferred for its twin properties of malleability and resistant to acid.
 ELEMENTS OF PLUMBING
THEThe plumber is the one who works or engages in the business of installing in
PLUMBER
buildings the pipes fixtures and other apparatus for bringing in the water supply and
removing liquid and waterborne wastes.
There are three categories of plumbers based upon their graces of experiences. They
are:
1. Apprentice plumber- a beginner at the trade who usually serves for 3 to 5 years as
helper to a journeyman.
2. Journeyman plumber- has served his apprenticeship and is competent to perform the
tasks of installing and repairing plumbing.
3. Master plumber- a person technically and legally qualified and licensed to practice
the profession of master plumbing without limitations in accordance with Republic Act
1378, having passed the examinations conducted by the Professional Regulation
Commission (PRC), has received a certificate of registration from the board of master
plumbing and possesses the current license to practice. (Section 214.5 NPC 200)
DEFINITION OF
TERMS:
PLUMBING SYSTEM
Plumbing System includes all potable water supply and distribution pipes, all plumbing fixtures
and traps; all sanitary and storm drainage systems; vent pipes, roof drains, leaders and downspouts; and all
building drains and sewers, including their respective joints and connections; devices, receptacles, and
appurtenances within the property; water lines in the premises; potable, tap, hot and chilled water piping;
potable water treating or using equipment; fuel gas piping; water heaters and vents for same. (Section 217.12
NPC 1999) A Plumbing system, reduced to its simplest terms, consists of a supply pipe leading to a fixture and a
drainpipe taking the used water away from this fixture.
THE SYSTEM CONSTITUTES THE FOLLOWING:
1. The water supply and water distribution system. Carries water from the water source, street main or a
pump to the building and to various points in the building at which water is used.
2. The plumbing fixtures. The receptacles that receive the supplied water and allow the occupants of the
building to use the water.
3. The drainage system. The piping network within the building which conveys from the plumbing fixtures all
wastes and fecal matter (sanitary drainage) as well as rainwater (storm drainage) to a point of disposal or a
treatment facility.
OBJECTIVES OF PLUMBING

Plumbing has Two Main Objectives:

1. To supply water to different parts of the building.
2. To remove and discharge human wastes and other substances out of the building into the
public sewer or septic tank.
Conditions for an Effective Water Supply in Building
1. To provide sufficient amount of water to supply each fixture.
2. To prevent back flow of used water into the water supply system.
The Drainage System should Accomplished the following:
1. Fast removal of the waste with a minimum probability of leakage and stoppage of drains
2. To prevent the entry of house vermin and obnoxious gases into the house from the piping
system.
 PLUMBING IN THE PHILIPPINES

Before the decades of the 40’s, household plumbing installation was considered as a
luxury item available only to the upper crust of the society. Majority of the population, aside from not
being able to afford plumbing installation in their homes, where still unaware of the importance of
sanitation facilities in the form of an efficient water supply and waste disposal system. Most of the
households, particularly in the rural areas, were adopting the indigenous and ingenious methods of
water supply and waste disposal, unmindful of the ill effects brought about by poor sanitation.
BRIEF HISTORY OF PLUMBING PRACTICE IN THE
PHILIPPINES
• In 1902, the Plumbing Trade was duly recognized by the government in the City of Manila. Master
Plumber John F. Haas became the first Chief of the Division of Plumbing Construction and
Inspection. A Plumbing Code based on the Plumbing Code of the United States was incorporated
into the Building Code for the City of Manila.
• In 1935, the National Master Plumbers Association of the Philippines (NAMPAP) was formally
organized
• Manila City Ordinance 2411, the “Plumbing Code of the City of Manila” was enacted and
placed under the Department of Public Services, Manila.
 BRIEF HISTORY OF PLUMBING PRACTICE IN THE
PHILIPPINES
• In 1954, the Third Congress approved House Bill No. 962 which in June 18, 1955,
became R.A. 1378 “Plumbing Law of the Philippines” upon ratification of President
Ramon Magsaysay.
• On January 28, 1959, the National Plumbing Code of the Philippines prepared by
NAMPAP was promulgated and approved by Malacañang.
• Before Martial Law in 1972, Republic Act No. 6541 otherwise known as the “Building
Code of the Philippines” was passed with the “National Plumbing Code of 1959” as
referral code in full text.
• The Professional Regulation Commission (PRC) adopted the Revised Plumbing
Code of 1999 which President Joseph Estrada approved December 21, 1999 pursuant
to Section 4 of R.A. 1378 known as the Plumbing Law.
WATER SUPPLY
In the absence of an efficient water supply and distribution system,
water was provided through abundant rainfall, springs, wells, rivers, or creeks
conveyed either through improvised bamboo pipes, or carried either by man
himself, or through animal drawn carts, or sleds and were stored in an earthen jars,
wooden or bamboo containers and the like.
In those times, water was considered fit for consumption as long as it
was visibly clear. There was no available means to test the water for purity and free
from disease causing organisms. As a result, not a few died or were afflicted with
digestive disorders. And those ailing were brought to quack doctors who usually
diagnose the disease to be caused by evil spirits.
WASTE DISPOSAL
Majority of the households who cannot afford plumbing installation in their
homes, availed of any possible means of convenience for their waste disposal. Some
excreted in the rivers, seashores, creeks or any waterways, behind trees, bushes or any
secluded place as long as during the time they excreted, their private parts were not seen
in public.
Early attempts of promoting plumbing and sanitary waste disposals were
accepted by few who could afford. In the rural areas however, constructed toilets were
merely excavated pits covered with coconut trunks, bamboos or any suitable material
provided with a slot where the user shoot his excretion. And some others were constructed
along riverside where one would see his excretion splashing on the water below.
Those early sewage disposal practices were not only harmful to human
health, but also to the environment particularly to the more populated areas. Indeed, it did
not take long for burgeoning urban population, to realize the importance of sanitation
facilities in the form of an efficient water supply, and sewage disposal system. In the rural
areas however, it took another decade and more government prodding to encourage the
population to adopt the sanitary water supply and waste disposal system.
WASTE DISPOSAL
Due to the eminent outbreak of epidemics brought about by the worsening
unsanitary condition prevailing, certain sector of the society and the government,
introduced programs to address the situation. Massive education on proper sanitation was
initiated. Water supply systems were constructed in some urban areas. Model toilets were
built. Low cost concrete water seal closet was introduced to the rural residents backed up
by local ordinances, requiring every residence to have a sanitary comfort room with proper
sewage disposal system known as Septic Tank.
PLUMBING DESIGN UNLIMITED

The design and layout of a plumbing system is governed by set of rules

promulgated by the National Plumbing Code. The Code however, does not impose a fixed
standard design of the piping layout, more particularly, the placing and location of the
various plumbing fixtures. And to think of the unlimited design of these fixtures, goes with it
the different types of plumbing system design.
While we subscribed to the health and safety requirements prescribed by
the National Plumbing Code, unlimited designs are to be expected from various designers.
The routing of the entire plumbing, the location of the outlets and cleanouts plus other
related installations are subject to considerable freedom of choice and design.
 THE PLUMBING CODE:
The improper installation of plumbing may affect the health of the occupants
of a building and create a center point for the spread of disease. The possibility is of
sufficient public interests to require the regulation of plumbing by law. The right of the
government to regulate the details of plumbing is based on the principle of the protection of
public health.
The basic goal of the National Plumbing Code of the Philippines is to ensure
the qualified observance of the latest provision of the plumbing and environmental laws.
THE BASIC PRINCIPLES GOVERNING THE NATIONAL
PLUMBING CODE
1. All premises intended for human use or habitation shall be provided with a supply of pure
and wholesome water, neither connected to unsafe water supply nor subject to backflow or
back- siphonage.
2. Plumbing fixtures, devices and appurtenances shall be supplied with water in sufficient
volume and pressure adequate to function satisfactorily and without undue noise.
3. Plumbing shall be designed and adjusted to use the minimum quantity of water
consistent with proper performance and cleaning.
 THE BASIC PRINCIPLES GOVERNING THE NATIONAL PLUMBING CODE

4. Devices for heating and storing water shall be so designed and installed as to prevent dangers from
explosion through overheating.
5. Every building abutting on a street, alley or easement with a public sewer shall connect its plumbing
fixtures to the sewer system.
6. Each family dwelling unit shall have at least one water closet, one kitchen type sink, a lavatory and a
bathtub or shower to meet the basic requirements of sanitation and personal hygiene.
7. Plumbing fixtures shall be made of smooth non-absorbent material, free from concealed fouling
surfaces and shall be located in ventilated enclosures.
8. The drainage system shall be designed, constructed and maintained to safeguard against fouling,
deposit of solids, clogging and with adequate cleanouts so arranged that the pipes may be readily
cleaned.
9. All piping shall be of durable NAMPAP-approved materials, free from defective workmanship, designed
and constructed by Registered Master Plumbers to ensure satisfactory service.
10. Each fixture directly connected to the drainage system shall be equipped with a water-sealed trap.
 THE BASIC PRINCIPLES GOVERNING THE NATIONAL PLUMBING CODE
11. The drainage pipes piping system shall be designed to provide adequate circulation of air
free from siphonage, aspiration or forcing of trap seals under ordinary use.
12. Vent terminals shall extend to the outer air and installed to prevent clogging and the return
of foul air to the building.
13. Plumbing systems shall be subjected to such tests to effectively disclose all leaks and
defects in the workmanship.
14. Substance which will clog the pipes, produce explosive mixtures, destroy the pipes or their
joints or interfere unduly with the sewage-disposal process shall not be allowed to enter the
building drainage system.
15. Proper protection shall be provided to prevent contamination of food, water, sterile goods
and similar materials by backflow of sewage. When necessary, the fixture, device or appliance
shall be connected indirectly with the building drainage system.
16. No water closet shall be located in a room or compartment which is not properly lighted and
ventilated.
 THE BASIC PRINCIPLES GOVERNING THE NATIONAL PLUMBING CODE

17. If there is no sewer system in the area, suitable provision shall be made for the disposal of
building sewage by some accepted method of sewage treatment and disposal, such as a
septic tank.
18. Where a plumbing drainage system may be subject to backflow of sewage, suitable
provision shall be made to prevent its overflow in the building.
19. Plumbing systems shall be maintained in serviceable condition by Registered Master
Plumbers.
20. All plumbing fixtures shall be installed properly spaced, to be accessible for their intended
use.
21. Plumbing shall be installed with due regard to the preservation of the strength of structural
members and the prevention of damage to walls and other surfaces through fixture usage.
22. Sewage or other waste from plumbing systems, which may be deleterious to surface or
sub-surface waters shall not be discharged into the ground or into any waterway, unless first
rendered innocuous through subjection to some acceptable form of treatment.
 PROPERTIES OF WATER
Water plays an important part in the plumbing system. It is a common, but in many ways, an
unusual liquid. Large quantities of water are required in buildings for personal use, food preparation, cleaning
and general domestic purposes, and possibly also for fire fighting, laundries, swimming pools, irrigation and
recreational use. We sometimes tend to think of water as an inexhaustible natural resource. However, our
supply of fresh water is definitely limited, and improved conservation practices are necessary if our needs are
to be supplied.
THE DEMAND OF WATER
DEMAND REQUIREMENTS
Drinking, Cooking, Must be pure, sterilized and protected from contamination. Supplies taken direct from
Dishwashing mains or from exclusive storage.
Personal Washing and Similar but moderated to allow cold and hot supplies to be drawn from main storage tank
Domestic Cleaning or cistern via distribution network.
Laundry Generally clean and wholesome, soft and free form Iron and Manganese staining.
Fire Fighting High Pressure. Connections must not permit contamination of mains water.
Swimming Clean, filtered and sterilized with free chlorine residue for post-sterilization. Can be
recirculated.
Boilers and Heating Plants Soft treated water, stored and circulated separate from domestic supplies.
Irrigation No special requirement, except reasonably free from solids and slit (result in blocked
Pipes and nozzles) and undecomposed material (pollution).
 THE WATER CYCLE
The cycle basically consists of water entering the atmosphere through evaporation
and returning through condensation is that these processes result in natural water purification.
When water evaporates, only water molecules leave the surfaces; salts and other solids in solution
remain behind. The condensed water is thus purified water- except in so far as it picks up pollutants
in the air. Thus evaporation and condensation of water vapor are the source of all natural fresh
water on earth. Fresh water from precipitation falling on the ground gradually make its way through
streams, rivers and lakes to oceans or seas as a result. As precipitation hits the ground, it may
follow either of two alternative pathways, which are infiltration and runoff.
WATER QUALITY PROBLEMS AND THEIR CORRECTION
 WATER PURIFICATION
Water purification is any method that will remove one or more materials that make the
water unsuitable for a given use. The methods that are commonly used in water purification are:
1. Settling or Sedimentation - This is the process by which suspended solids are removed from the
water by gravity settling and deposition. This process usually follows coagulation-flocculation. The
objective of this process is to remove most of the suspended solids, reducing the loads on the filters.
2. Filtration - This is the passage of fluid through a porous medium suspended matter which did not settle
by gravity. In water purification, matter to be removed includes suspended silt, clay, colloids, and
microorganisms including algae, bacteria, and viruses. A filter bed consists of a granular non-porous
material held one place by the force of gravity or by the direction of flow.
3. Adsorption/ Flocculation-Coagulation -This is the process by which small sediment particles which
do not settle well combine together to form larger particles which can be removed by sedimentation. This
process includes physical and chemical process:
a. Coagulation- is the chemical process in which the coagulant reacts with the sediment to
make it capable of combining into larger particles. This is called
destabilization.
b. Flocculation- is the physical process in which the sediment particles collide with each other
and stick together.
 WATER PURIFICATION

4. Aeration- Water is sprayed into the air to release any trapped gases and absorb
additional oxygen for better taste.
5. Disinfection/ Chlorination- This is the most important process used in the production
of water of a safe and sanitary quality. Chlorination is the method of introducing a
controlled amount of chlorine to the water in order to attain a desired degree of
disinfection.
After the processes, water is stored in a reservoir, then to the transmission
mains, then to the, distribution lines, down to the service connections and lastly to the
concessionaire’s faucet.
 CHAPTER 3
PLUMBING MATERIALS, FITTINGS
AND FIXTURES
 PLUMBING MATERIALS
There are numerous kind of materials available for plumbing installation but
the most commonly used are:
1. Cast iron soil pipe 10. Copper pipe
2. Acid resistant cast iron pipe 11. Plastic or synthetic pipe
3. Asbestos pipe 12. Stainless steel pipe
4. Bituminous fiber sewer pipe
5. Vitrified clay pipe
6. Lead Pipe
7. Galvanized steel pipe
8. Galvanized wrought iron pipe
9. Brass pipe
 PLUMBING MATERIALS
Not all of these materials enumerated however, will be used in one plumbing
system installation. The choice of the kind of pipe to be installed, depends upon the
following considerations:

1. Quality and Durability

2. Resistance to external and internal contact with foreign matters.
3. Resistance to acid waste and other chemical elements that will pass into it.
4. Cost of Materials and Labor.

Sometimes a combination of two or more types of plumbing materials, are

used to suit the purpose intended for the installation, while availing of the
advantages it offers to plumbing.
 CAST IRON PIPE

For the past several decades, the most popular and generally specified
material for drainage system in buildings is the cast iron pipe. It is durable, conveniently
installed and answer to the most plumbing needs of all types of buildings less than 25
storey high. However, buildings taller than 25 storey do not specify the use of cast iron pipe
because of constant vibrations which causes water leak of the pipe joints.
To a certain extent, cast iron pipe is also affected by corrosion caused by the
action of carbon dioxide, sulfur oxide and methane gases forming solutions of carbonic acid
and sulfuric acid. These acids attack the metallic material causing a slow chemical reaction
or oxidation to take place forming ferrous oxide called rust.

TWO TYPES OF CAST IRON PIPES

1. The SV type which is generally used for building
installations and
2. The XV type classified as extra duty pipe used for
underground installations.
FOUR (4) VARIETIES OF CAST IRON PIPES
1. Standard Pipe – used for well-fitted hub and spigot
connections
2. Single Hub Pipe – recommended when the length of
a pipe needed is more than 150cm long wherein
cutting is not necessary
3. Double Hub Pipe – preferred when a piece of pipe
needed is shorter than 150 cm long. When the pipe is
cut, both ends have hubs to serve as joint
connectors.
4. Hubless Pipe – used in lieu of the single hub to do
away with caulking of joints.