Transport across cell membrane

PREPARED BY:
BAHEZ O. ISMAEL
Transport across the membrane
Types of transportation of particles

• Passive transport
a) Diffusion
1. Simple diffusion
2. Facilitated diffusion
b) Osmosis
c) Passive transport

• ACTIVE TRANSPORT
• Vesicular transport across membrane
1. Endocytosis
2. Exocytosis
Diffusion

• Diffusion is the overall movement of

any substance from any area from
higher concentration to an area of
lower concentration
• It happens naturally and so does not
require energy.
• Substances like oxygen, carbon
dioxide and glucose move in and out
of cells by diffusion.
Diffusion

First movement by Second movement by

Substance
diffusion diffusion

Moves from air breathed

Moves from red blood
Oxygen in to red blood cells in the
cells to body cells
lungs

Moves from blood plasma

Moves from body cells to
Carbon dioxide to air breathed out in the
blood plasma
lungs

Moves from small Moves from blood plasma

Glucose
intestine to blood plasma to body cells
 Factors influence the diffusion

• Extent of the concentration gradient. The bigger the

difference in concentration over the gradient, the faster
diffusion occurs.
• Distance over which our particles are moving, with the
bigger distance, diffusion is slower, since particles need to
move further.
• mass of the substance and density of the solvent.
Heavier molecules move more slowly; therefore, they
diffuse more slowly. And it’s a similar case with the density
of the solvent. As density increases, the rate of diffusion
decreases.
• temperature. Both heating and cooling change the kinetic
energy of the particles in our substance.
Laboratory Practical work

. MATERIALS NEEDED FOR DEMONSTRATING DIFFUSION

• Two transparent glasses or 50 ml Beaker

• Cool and hot water
• Food coloring or any dyes
 Laboratory Practical work

Procedure:
• Take 2 transparent glasses
and fill them with the water
• Drop a few drops of food
coloring in each cup(3-4
drops)
• Watch closely how the color
spreads.
.
Diffusion of water: osmosis

• . The diffusion of water from an area of higher concentration to an

area of lower concentration is called osmosis.
 Osmolality

Osmolality is a measure of solute concentration, as defined by

the number of osmoles of a solute per litre of solution (osmol/L)

Solutions may be loosely categorized as hypertonic, hypotonic or

isotonic according to their relative osmolality
Solutions with a relatively higher osmolarity are categorised as
hypertonic (high solute concentration ⇒ gains water)
Solutions with a relatively lower osmolarity are categorised as
hypotonic (low solute concentration ⇒ loses water)
Solutions that have the same osmolarity are categorised as
isotonic (same solute concentration ⇒ no net water flow)
 Osmolality

• The osmolarity of a tissue may be interpolated by

bathing the sample in solutions
with known osmolarities
• The tissue will lose water when placed in hypertonic
solutions and gain water when placed in hypotonic
solutions
• Water loss or gain may be determined by weighing
the sample before and after bathing in solution
• Tissue osmolarity may be inferred by identifying the
concentration of solution at which there is no weight
change (i.e. isotonic)
 Estimation of Osmolality:

Uncontrolled osmosis will have negative effects with regards to

cell viability:
 In hypertonic solutions, water will leave the cell causing it to shrivel
(crenation)
 In hypotonic solutions, water will enter the cell causing it to swell and
potentially burst (lysis)

In plant tissues, the effects of uncontrolled osmosis are moderated

by the presence of an inflexible cell wall
 In hypertonic solutions, the cytoplasm will shrink (plasmolysis) but the
cell wall will maintain a structured shape
 In hypotonic solutions, the cytoplasm will expand but be unable to
rupture within the constraints of the cell wall (turgor)
Estimation of Osmolality:
Laboratory Practical work

Materials

• Potato
• Knife
• Four different solutions
A. distilled water (water concentration 100%)
B. 2% saline solution (water concentration 98%)
C. 4% saline solution (water concentration 96%)
D. 8% saline solution (water concentration 92%)
• Paper towel
• Balance
• Stop watch
• A4 Paper
Laboratory Practical work

• Skin a potato and cut the tuber into small cubes

(approximately 1cm each).
• Divide the cubes into 4 groups of 10.
• Blot the cubes dry with a paper towel, and place them on a
weighing boat (dry it first too if it is moist
• weight them to the nearest 0.01g. Record the initial weight
(t=0)
• Place each group of cubes in their appropriate solutions, and
wait 30 minutes
• At the end of 30 minutes, remove the groups and blot them
dry again
• Record the weight after 30 minutes

•
 References:

• https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/topics/znyycdm/articles/zfj3rwx?
fbclid=IwAR2KhxLxZw9oeo4YRZN5nK2dQWNxEM7bHBCYg_hxCzx
k_8W66RQMSvvPHdk
• https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/topics/znyycdm/articles/z8cqqfr?
fbclid=IwAR0zn7w9-l-ZTGIStusSEHuDwtCmpFTVLuXrpQzlljWbJ-
Lg4Plhc8t42vw
• https://study.com/academy/lesson/specialized-cells-types-
functions.html?
fbclid=IwAR2PXJ4cTGSBON5C782dyv_XSXBb5CXr2IyttoHQpwjMc
gbHD5vxL1bSfoA
• https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fcell.2016.00106/full?
fbclid=IwAR11u3Pmo6ihRhI6vOV8mvJ-
1C6sndqt3xD9cg2r_HSKQms1FhUcGe5iJsI
• https://www.genome.gov/genetics-glossary/Cell-Membrane
• https://www.stemlittleexplorers.com/en/how-to-demonstrate-diffusion
• https://ib.bioninja.com.au/standard-level/topic-1-cell-biology/14-
Thank You