Oxidation Reduction

- Gain of oxygen - Loss of oxygen

- Loss of hydrogen - Gain of hydrogen
- Loss of electron - Gain of electron
- Increase in oxidation state - Decrease in oxidation state
𝑍𝑛+𝐶𝑢𝑆𝑂 4 → 𝑍𝑛𝑆𝑂 4+𝐶𝑢
Oxidation state  the charge of the element when it existed as an ion in a compound

 it can be positive, negative or zero

 zero for elements

 for oxygen, it is always -2 (exception

 for hydrogen, it is always +1

A redox reaction is a reaction involving both oxidation and reduction

An oxidizing agent is a substance that causes oxidation on another substance (itself gets reduced)

A reducing agent is a substance that causes reduction on another substance (itself gets oxidized)

KMnO4  purple to colorless (test for reducing agent)

K2Cr2O7  orange to green (test for reducing agent)

KI  colourless to brown (test for oxidising agent)

Electrolysis
Displacement reaction – a more reactive metal can displace a less reactive metal from its salt solution
-- the more reactive metal will have a greater tendency to form positive ions
Displacement reaction – a more reactive metal can displace a less reactive metal from its salt solution
-- the more reactive metal will have a greater tendency to form positive ions
Haematite -

heat

quicklime
Group I elements are called alkali metals because they react with water to form alkalis.

Physical properties of Group I metals

Chemical properties of Group I metals

Group I elements are very reactive. They

react rapidly with air and vigorously with
water  they are stored in oil

Word equation

Chemical equation

Alkali metals + water  metal hydroxide (soluble) + hydrogen gas

alkali
On going down the group,

- The atomic size increases

- The valence electron is further from the
nucleus
- The melting point and boiling point decrease
(attraction between metal ion and electrons
gets weaker)
- The density increase
- The reactivity increases (easier for atoms to
lose the valence electron)
Physical properties of Halogens

- All halogens have low melting point and boiling points

- All the halogens are colored and non-conductors of electricity

On going down the group,

- The color intensity increase

- The melting point and boiling points increase (intermolecular forces of
attraction increases as number of electrons increases)
Displacement reactions of halogens
- A displacement reaction is a reaction in which one element takes the place of another element
- A more reactive halogen will displace a less reactive halogen from its halide solution as shown

Chlorine is more reactive than iodine

Chlorine displaces iodine, and iodine is displaced

Use electrolysis to extract the metal

For elements below carbon, use C

or CO to extract the metal from its
metal ore

Inactive metals below hydrogen

cathode anode

2
reduction oxidation

Ions present inside the electrolyte: Pb2+ Br-

Electrolysis of WATER
The lower position of the
ion in the reactivity series,
the more readily the ion
gains electrons, so higher
tendency for it to be
selectively discharged

concentrated

dilute
The concentration of the
electrolyte remain unchanged,
as the copper ion formed at
anode is attracted towards the
cathode. So the blue coloration
remains unchanged
Simple cell  a device that converts chemical
energy into electrical energy (electric cell)

It is made by placing two different metals in

contact with an electrolyte. The metal acts as the
electrodes for the simple cell.

The salt bridge allows ions to flow through it, so it

is used to complete the circuit, it also helps to keep
the half-cells electrically neutral.

The more reactive metal (Zn) gives up electrons,

the less reactive metal(Cu) accepts electrons, there
is a flow of electrons from the –ve electrode to the
+ve electrode, so the external circuit produces
electricity.
-
The further the two metals are in the reactivity
series, the greater the voltage of the cell.