SCIENCE 9

EARTH & SPACE

QUARTER 3
1.Describe the internal and external
structure of a volcano

2.Differentiate the three types of volcanoes

according to their shape

3.Appreciate why and how volcanoes

form.
 What is a
volcano?

HOW VOLCANOES
ARE FORMED?
At Convergent/destructive boundaries, volcanoes can form
at subduction zones where tectonic plates are moving
toward each other and one plate descends beneath the
other.
• ocean-ocean subduction
• ocean-continent subduction
• continent-continent subduction
At divergent (constructive) boundaries, volcanism manifests
as ridges or fissures where lavas erupt, one example is Iceland
According to National Geographic, the Pacific
Ring of Fire’s formation is the result of plate
tectonics. It is not entirely circular but is shaped
more like a 25,000-mile-long horseshoe. It is an
arc of mountains, active volcanoes, and oceanic
trenches.,90 percent of the world’s earthquakes
and 75 percent of the world’s volcanoes occur
at the PRF.
 The four types of
volcanoes according to
their shape
Shield volcanoes are broad gently-
sloping mounds shaped like a
soldier’s shield. They form when low-
viscosity lava is allowed to flow
freely from a vent; over time, these
flows stack upon each other, forming
the volcano.
Composite volcanoes, also known
as stratovolcanoes, are tall, steep,
conical mountains. They form by the
accumulation of various successive
erupted materials; differing layers of
pyroclastic flows and lava flows.
Pyroclastic or Cinder cones are small,
steep mounds of tephra or volcanic
fragments formed by explosive
eruptions. They usually occur as groups
in volcanic fields.
 Height Shape Slope Examples
Very tall (up Like a shield Gentle
Shield to around set on the slope, Mauna Kea
volcano 9,000 meters ground,
high) broad
Composite Tall (up to Roughly
volcano 8,000 symmetrical Steep Mayon
(Stratovolcan meters high) mound
o)
Pyroclastic Small (up to Roughly Taal’s
cone around 400 symmetrical Steep Binintiang
meters mound Malaki
high)
Compound Volcano:
(also called Complex volcano) is a
volcano type with several cones and
craters.
VOLCANOES IN THE PHILIPPINES
 Identify if the statements are true or not. Write true if it
is, and false if otherwise.
1. At divergent boundaries, volcanism manifests as ridges
or fissures where lavas erupt.
2. Shield volcanoes form when low-viscosity basaltic lava
is allowed to flow freely from a vent.
3. Composite volcanoes are small, steep mounds of
tephra or volcanic fragments formed by explosive
eruptions.
4. Pyroclastic cones are tall, steep, conical mountains.
5. Magma accumulates underground in an open space
known as a flank vent.
1.Identify the materials released by volcanoes when they
erupt

2.Explain what happens when volcanoes erupt and the

different type of volcanic eruption

3.Differentiate between active and inactive volcanoes;

Active Volcanoes
Active volcanoes have eruptive histories; there has been a
recorded eruption in historical times. Alternatively, dateable erupted
materials confirm that they erupted within the last 10,000 years.
There are currently 24 active volcanoes being monitored by
PHIVOLCS

https://www.phivolcs.dost.gov.ph/index.php/volcano-hazard/volcanoes-of-the-philippines
 Mt. Kanlaon’s last eruption was in
2016, 30 eruptions; The highest
mountain in the Visayas is a
complex stratovolcano with several
flank vents around the spectacular
summit crater.

Mount Kanlaon.
 Mt. Bulusan’s last eruption was in
2017, 18 eruptions; a complex
volcanic field spanning most of
Sorsogon.

Mount Bulusan.
Taal Volcano’s last
eruption was in 2020, 34
eruptions; A geologically
complex region, Taal Lake
represents a collapsed
caldera covering 267 km2.
Volcano Island is the main
activity region,
surrounded by several
parasitic pyroclastic cones.
Before 1991, Pinatubo was
thought to be an inactive
volcano. It lay dormant for
about 600 years. However,
after 10 weeks of volcanic
activity, Pinatubo erupted on
June 12–16, 1991. The
eruption caused the top of the
volcano to collapse, and a
column of ash and smoke rose
more than 19 miles (30
kilometers) high.
PHIVOLCS monitors volcano, earthquake, and tsunami activity,
and issues warnings as necessary.
Potentially Active Volcanoes

Potentially/Dormant active volcanoes have no

eruptive histories but in some instances present signs of
activity. PHIVOLCS lists 26 potentially active
volcanoes.
Inactive Volcanoes

Inactive/Extinct volcanoes have no eruptive

histories, are heavily weathered, and will never erupt
again. PHIVOLCS lists 281 inactive volcanoes,
with several being unnamed peaks.
 lava flow in Agutaya Island

Palawan also has no active volcanoes

1.Identify the warning signs of impending
volcanic eruption

2.Discuss different precautionary measures

before, during, and after volcanic eruption.

3.Create a volcano model to determine the

different factors that affect volcanic eruption.
Figure 1 Figure 2
 THANK YOU!

Do you have any follow-up questions for me?