CLASSICAL AND OPERANT

CONDITIONING
 OVERVIEW
• OVERVIEW OF CLASSICAL CONDITIONING
• THREE STAGES IN CLASSICAL CONDITIONING
• CLASSICAL CONDITIONING EXPERIMENT
• SEVERAL EXAMPLES OF CLASSICAL CONDITIONING
• OVERVIEW OF OPERANT CONDITIONING
• OPERANT CONDITIONING EXPERIMENT
• REINFORCEMENT
• PUNISHMENT
CLASSICAL CONDITIONING
OVERVIEW OF CLASSICAL CONDITIONING

Classical conditioning, also called Pavlovian conditioning or

respondent conditioning, is learning through association. This
behavioral learning method was first studied in the late 19th
century by Russian physiologist Ivan Pavlov.
In the 1890s, Pavlov was experimenting with dogs, ringing a bell
whenever they were fed.
Over time, the dogs learned to associate a neutral stimulus (bell
ringing) with a positive one (food).
Pavlov also noticed that his dogs would often begin to salivate
whenever they heard the footsteps of his assistant bringing them the
food.
OVERVIEW OF CLASSICAL CONDITIONING
(Cont.)
This association between positive and neutral stimuli became the
foundation of classical conditioning theory.
Classical conditioning theory states that behaviors are learned by
connecting a neutral stimulus with a positive one, such as Pavlov's
dogs hearing a bell (neutral) and expecting food (positive).
The learned behavior is called a conditioned response. Normal
processes, like salivating when you smell food, is what's called an
unconditioned response.
THREE STAGES IN CLASSICAL CONDITIONING

Stage 1: Before conditioning. Something in the environment

triggers a natural response in the subject. During this stage, no
new behavior has been learned yet. This stage also includes a
neutral stimulus, which doesn't affect the subject.

Stage 2: During conditioning. This is the stage where the

neutral stimulus becomes associated with the positive stimulus
that caused the response during the first stage. In Pavlov's
experiment, this stage involved ringing a bell when the dogs were
fed. After repeated exposure, the dogs began to associate the bell
with food and would salivate when they heard it, even if no food
was present.
THREE STAGES IN CLASSICAL CONDITIONING
(Cont.)

Stage 3: After conditioning. During the final stage of conditioning,

the neutral stimulus is firmly associated with the unconditioned
response. This creates a new behavior, or what's known as the
conditioned response.
CLASSICAL CONDITIONING EXPERIMENT
SEVERAL EXAMPLES OF CLASSICAL CONDITIONING
Example 1
Every time you put on your shoes, your dog gets excited and runs
to the front door. Your dog associates you putting on shoes with a
walk, or maybe going for a car ride.

Example 2
You always buy the same type of crackers for your baby's morning
snack. When you pull the box of crackers out of the cupboard, your
baby gets excited and reaches toward the box because they
associate that box with snack time.

Example 3
A certain perfume reminds you of your late grandmother. After her
passing, smelling that perfume or similar scents make you sad
because of its association with your grandmother.
SEVERAL EXAMPLES OF CLASSICAL CONDITIONING
(Cont.)
Example 4
Your demanding boss occasionally berates underperforming
employees in his office. You feel nervous or agitated whenever your
boss asks one of your co-workers into his office and closes the door
because that's what he does whenever someone's in trouble.

Example 5
You listen to some of your favorite music when you exercise. You
don't generally enjoy working out, but eventually, you begin to relate
the positive feelings you get from your playlist to working out.
OPERANT CONDITIONING
 OVERVIEW OF OPERANT CONDITIONING
• Operant conditioning, sometimes referred to as instrumental
conditioning, is a method of learning that uses rewards and
punishment to modify behavior.

• Through operant conditioning, behavior that is rewarded is

likely to be repeated, and behavior that is punished will
rarely occur.

• In operant behavior, stimuli can be appetitive or aversive.

Appetitive stimuli are the ones that you voluntarily approach
while aversive stimuli are those you try to avoid or escape.
 OVERVIEW OF OPERANT CONDITIONING (Cont.)
• Responses to such stimuli can either be positive or negative
reinforcement. In this case positive and negative do not mean
good or bad.

• Instead, positive reinforcement means introducing stimulus to

increase the probability of recurrence of behavior, while
negative reinforcement involves removing stimulus to
encourage good behavior.
OPERANT CONDITIONING EXPERIMENT
REINFORCEMENT
Positive reinforcement are favorable events or outcomes that are
presented after the behavior. In positive reinforcement situations, a
response or behavior is strengthened by the addition of praise or a
direct reward. If you do a good job at work and your manager gives
you a bonus, that bonus is a positive reinforcer

Negative reinforcement involve the removal of an unfavorable

events or outcomes after the display of a behavior. In these situations,
a response is strengthened by the removal of something considered
unpleasant. For example, if a student did not complete the homework,
the student need to give to the teacher RM5, Therefore, the student
need to complete to avoid paying RM5, thus strengthening the
behaviour of completing homework.
PUNISHMENT
Positive punishment, sometimes referred to as punishment by
application, presents an unfavorable event or outcome in order to
weaken the response it follows. Spanking for misbehavior is an
example of punishment by application.

Negative punishment, also known as punishment by removal, occurs

when a favorable event or outcome is removed after a behavior
occurs. Taking away a child's video game following misbehavior is an
example of negative punishment.
THANK YOU