REPRODUCTION OF

ANIMALS, PLANTS,
AND HUMANS
Objectives:
✮ At the end of this topic, you will learn how
animals, plants and humans reproduce.

✮ You may also know the 2 types of

reproduction, which are sexual and asexual
reproduction.

✮ And you’ll also learn the different methods

each one of them use to multiply.
Table of
contents
Opening Topic 1 : ANIMALS

ACTIVITY! Topic 2 : PLANTS

Closing Topic 3 :
HUMANS
 Our team

Tibayan, Roldan,
Posa,
Mary Rose Kristina
Esha Mae
Lumapas,
Mary Sabuco,
Noreen
ANIMAL
REPRODUCTION
 ANIMALS

Topic 1 Topic 2

SEXUAL REPRODUCTION:

1. Sexual Reproduction:
Sexual reproduction involves the fusion of male
and female gametes (sperm and egg) to form a
zygote, which eventually develops into an embryo.
This method promotes genetic diversity as it
combines genetic material from two parents. Sexual
reproduction typically involves the following
processes:
 ANIMALS

Topic 1 Topic 2

SEXUAL REPRODUCTION:

- Internal Fertilization: In many

animals, including most
- External Fertilization: In some
mammals and reptiles, the
aquatic animals like fish and
male deposes sperm directly
amphibians, fertilization occurs
into the female reproductive
outside the bodies of the parents.
system during copulation
Both males
(sexual intercourse). Internal
and females release their
fertilization increases the
gametes into the water,
chances of successful
where fertilization takes place.
fertilization and protects the
developing embryo
 ANIMALS

Topic 1 Topic 2

INTERNAL FERTILIZATION:

3 TYPES OF INTERNAL FERITILIZATION

1. OVIPARITY -- oviposition of an embryo within a 3. OVOVIPARITY -- fertilized eggs nourish the
shelled egg requiring some period of embryonic young from it's yolk; lay the egg when they are
development outside of the female's reproductive ready to hatch.
tract.
2. VIVIPARITY -- producing living young instead of
eggs from within the body in the manner of nearly all
mammals, many reptiles, and a few fishes.
 ANIMALS

Topic 1 Topic 2

ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION:

2. Asexual Reproduction:
Asexual reproduction involves the production of
offspring without the involvement of gametes or the
fusion of genetic material. This method results in
offspring that are genetically identical or nearly
identical to the parent. Here are the different forms
of asexual reproduction:
 ANIMALS

Topic 1 Topic 2

ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION:

- Budding: In budding, - Fission: Fission is the

a new individual develops as process where the parent
an outgrowth or bud from the organism
parent organism. splits into two
The bud grows and or more individuals,
eventually detaches to each of which can
become an develop into a
independent organism.
complete organism.
 ANIMALS

Topic 1 Topic 2

ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION:

- Fragmentation: - Parthenogenesis:
Fragmentation occurs Parthenogenesis is a
when a parent organism form of asexual reproduction
where females produce
breaks into fragments,
offspring without fertilization
and each fragment can by a male. The offspring are
regenerate and develop genetically identical or nearly
into a new individual. identical to the parent.
PLANTS
REPRODUCTION
Plant reproduction is the process by which plants
produce offspring, either sexually or asexually.
Asexual reproduction creates a genetic clone of the
original plant, whereas sexual reproduction involves
the union of gametes, resulting in offspring that are
genetically distinct from the parent plants.
 PLANTS

Topic 1 Topic 2 Topic 3

SEXUAL REPRODUCTION:

SEXUAL REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS

➢ Sexual reproduction necessitates the successful
transmission of gametes from one individual plant
to another, which is difficult due to plant
immobility.
PROCESS OF SEXUAL
REPRODUCTION
 PLANTS

Topic 1 Topic 2 Topic 3

SEXUAL REPRODUCTION:

SELF-POLLINATION
➢ occurs when pollen falls from the
➢ transfer of pollen grains from the
anther into the stigma of the same
anther to the stigma of the pistil.
flowering plants.

Autogamy Geitonomy
➢ the transfer of pollen grains from ➢ generally represents the transfer of
the anther to the stigma of within pollen grains from anther to stigma of
another flower of the same plants.
the same flower.
 PLANTS

Topic 1 Topic 2 Topic 3

SEXUAL REPRODUCTION:

EXAMPLE OF POLLINATION AND

SELF-POLLINATION:
 PLANTS

Topic 1 Topic 2 Topic 3

SEXUAL REPRODUCTION:

CROSS-POLLINATION
➢ is the transfer of pollen to other
plants of the same species.

Gymnosperms Angiosperms
➢ have no flowers or fruit and have ➢ flowering plants and having
naked seeds on the surface of their seeds enclose with their fruit.
leaves.
 PLANTS

Topic 1 Topic 2 Topic 3

PARTS OF FLOWER:
 PLANTS

Topic 1 Topic 2 Topic 3

Add your sub tittle

TYPES OF CROSS-POLLINATION
Hydrophily - pollination by water
Zoophily - pollination by animals
Anemophily -pollination by winds
Entomiphily -pollination by insects
Ornithophily -pollination by birds
 PLANTS

Topic 1 Topic 2 Topic 3

ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION:

ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION
➢ Asexual reproduction allows plants to reproduce
in the absence of fertilization, allowing them to
accelerate localized expansion. The main concern
of asexual reproduction is that newly created
plants are genetically identical to the parent
(barring mutations).

➢ Asexual reproduction in plants also takes place in

two ways, the natural method and artificial method.
 PLANTS

Topic 1 Topic 2 Topic 3

ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION:

NATURAL METHODS
Self-propagation is an example of natural asexual reproduction. The following are the several ways in which a plant
self-propagates:

➢ Plants that grow from the buds that are present on the surface of the stem include ginger, onions, dahlias, and
potatoes. There are several eyes on the surface of a stem tuber. When the environment is right, these eyes proliferate
and produce leafy branches.

➢ In sweet potatoes, stolons or adventitious buds can produce new plants.

➢ The tiny buds on the leaf margins in Byophyllum separate and develop into separate plants.
 PLANTS

Topic 1 Topic 2 Topic 3

ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION:

BUDDING
➢ Asexual reproduction by budding occurs when a
new plant develops from an extension called a bud.
Cell division at one specific place usually results in
the formation of a bud.
 PLANTS

Topic 1 Topic 2 Topic 3

ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION:

VEGETATIVE PROPAGATION
➢ It is any type of asexual plant reproduction in which
the roots, stems, or buds of the parent plant are used to
create a new plant. Plants can reproduce vegetatively
naturally or artificially via the efforts of horticulturists.
 PLANTS

Topic 1 Topic 2 Topic 3

ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION:

The most common techniques of vegetative propagation are:

Stems – Runners are the stems that often grow above Leaves – Certain plants allow you to develop a new
ground in a horizontal orientation. They possess the plant from the severed leaves of the parent plant. The
nodes that give rise to buds. Typically, these buds margins of their leaves show the development of tiny
develop into a new plant. plants known as plantlets. For instance, bryophyllum.

Roots – Tubers are modified roots used

to grow new plants. Sweet potato, for
instance
 PLANTS

Topic 1 Topic 2 Topic 3

ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION:

FRAGMENTATION
➢ This is a mode of asexual reproduction in which a new plant is
produced from a portion of the parent plant. Every segment or
component of the plants grows into a fully formed, adult
individual. Certain plants have unique features that allow for
fragmentation-based reproduction. This kind of reproduction
occurs spontaneously, with the minute plant parts falling to the
ground and sprouting into new plants. Nurseries and greenhouses
do a lot of their production in this method.
 PLANTS

Topic 1 Topic 2 Topic 3

ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION:

SPORE FORMATION
➢ Spores are produced by many plants and algae during their
life cycle. An asexual reproductive organ, a spore is shielded
from harsh environments like extreme heat and low humidity
by a hard protective covering. When the right circumstances
are met, the spores sprout and develop into new plants. This
type of reproduction is used by plants such as ferns and moss.
 PLANTS

Topic 1 Topic 2 Topic 3

ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION:

ARTIFICIAL METHODS
➢ are widely used to cultivate new, occasionally unique, plants. Grafting, cutting, layering, and
micropropagation are a few of them.

CUTTING
× This approach involves chopping off a portion of the plant along with the
node and burying it in the ground.

× Watering is done often on the cutting.

× This is the least expensive way to propagate plants vegetatively.

 PLANTS

Topic 1 Topic 2 Topic 3

ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION:

GRAFTING
× By using this technique, two distinct plants' components
are combined so they can grow together as a single entity.

× The term "stock" refers to the rooted plant. The graft is

the name given to the other plant.
 PLANTS

Topic 1 Topic 2 Topic 3

ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION:

LAYERING
➢ This technique involves burying a plant stem in the earth and
covering it with dirt. While still joined to the parent plant, the
LAYERING
stem develops roots before separating to become a separate plant.
 PLANTS

Topic 1 Topic 2 Topic 3

ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION:

MICROPAGATION
➢ This process involves growing a lot of plants from an explant in
a short amount of time in a lab setting. Rare and endangered plant
species that are hard to cultivate in the wild can now flourish thanks
to this.
HUMAN
REPRODUCTION
In humans, reproduction occurs after the
formations of male and female gametes, which
later fertilize to give rise to an embryo.
 HUMANS

Topic 1 Topic 2 Topic 3 Topic 4

SEXUAL REPRODUCTION:

PROCESS OF REPRODUCTION IN HUMANS

Sexual reproduction involves a set of events, which are divided into
three different stages:

Pre-fertilization
↓
Fertilization
↓
Post-fertilization
 HUMANS

Topic 1 Topic 2 Topic 3 Topic 4

SEXUAL REPRODUCTION:

PRE-FERTILIZATION

The different stages in Pre-Fertilization events are:

• Gametogenesis - The formation of male and female gametes or sex
cells or reproductive cells.

• Cell Division - During the formation of gametes, both male and

female undergo a meiotic cell division.
↳ There are two distinct types of cell division:

Mitosis - wherein each daughter cell duplicates the parent cell.

Meiosis- sperm or egg cells are produced instead of identical daughter cells as in mitosis.
 HUMANS

Topic 1 Topic 2 Topic 3 Topic 4

SEXUAL REPRODUCTION:

PRE-FERTILIZATION

• Transfer of gametes - male gametes are called

sperms whereas the female gametes are called egg or
ovum.

In humans, only the male gametes are motile and female

gametes are non motile hence, the male gametes should be
transferred into the female’s body for the further process of
fertilization.
 HUMANS

Topic 1 Topic 2 Topic 3 Topic 4

SEXUAL REPRODUCTION:

FERTILIZATION

After the transfer and fusion of male and

female gametes, fertilization occurs with
the formation of a diploid zygote.
 HUMANS

Topic 1 Topic 2 Topic 3 Topic 4

SEXUAL REPRODUCTION:

POST-FERTILIZATION

is a series of events in sexual

reproduction, which occurs after the
fertilization and development of the
zygote.
 HUMANS

Topic 1 Topic 2 Topic 3 Topic 4

SEXUAL REPRODUCTION:

POST-FERTILIZATION

The different stages in post-fertilization events are:

↳ DEVELOPMENT OF ZYGOTE
After fertilization, the zygote is formed. The zygote divides mitotically to form 2,
4, 8, 16 celled stages. These cells are known as blastomeres.

↳ EMBRYOGENESIS
This stage is also known as embryonic development or the development of an embryo. At
this stage, the actual development of a baby begins. This period is called the gestational
period.
 HUMANS

Topic 1 Topic 2 Topic 3 Topic 4

SEXUAL REPRODUCTION:

Between Eight to ten weeks, the embryo

develops into a fetus:
 ACTIVITY!

Topic 1 Topic 2 Topic 3 Topic 4

Activity 2: PLANT REPRODUCTION

ACTIVITY TIME!!
 REFERENCE:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=L0ps8l9nbFk
https://youtu.be/SrKn-Mp2neE?si=I6DGhdyWBsaUJ88D

https://byjus.com/biology/asexual-reproduction-plants/#:~:text=Asexual
%20reproduction%20in%20plants%20occurs,thrive%20well%20in%20st
able%20environments
.

https://byjus.com/biology/embryo-development/
Any question?