DRUGS, HIV

AND AIDS
CHAPTER 8
OBJECTIVES

At the end of the lesson, you should be able to:

a.Discuss RA 9165.

b.Understand the effects of prohibited drugs in physical,

social, emotional, and mental health of a person.

c.Differentiate HIV from AIDS.

d.Discuss the symptoms of having HIV.

INTRODUCTION:
In this Module, students will be expected to
have awareness regarding the negative impact
of dangerous drugs, HIV, and AIDS. It includes
discussion, research, interviews, and readings
for them to deepen their knowledge about the
lessons and create awareness and activities
that will lessen the problems of dangerous
drugs, HIV, and AIDS.
 The word drug in Greek was called Pharmakon,
meaning both remedy and poison. It implies that drugs
can either harm or cure, can give pleasure or pain. The
Online Business Dictionary gives two definitions of what
is a drug. First, it is a “natural or synthetic substance
that (when taken into a living body) affects its
functioning or structure, when being used in the
diagnosis, mitigation, treatment, or prevention of a
disease or relief of discomfort. Also called legal drug or
medicine. A legal or medicinal drug (such as
amphetamines), however, can be harmful and addictive
if misused.”
 Secondly, the drug is being defined as a
“habit forming stimulant or narcotic substance
(such as alcohol, cannabis, nicotine, or
derivative of cocoa or poppy) which produces a
state of arousal, contentment, euphoria.
Continued or excessive use (called drug abuse
or substance abuse) of such substances causes
addiction or dependence.”
 HISTORICAL BACKGROUND
Drugs have been used since ancient times.
As recorded, an alcoholic drink made from
fermented honey called mead was first used
about 8000 B.C.E. while beer and berry wines
were approximately used around 6000 B.C.E.
The following are some of the highlights how the
use of drugs evolved:
 About 5000 B.C.E. Sumerians started to use opium.
 In 3500 B.C.E. Ancient Egypt used alcohol.
 Around 3000 B.C.E. Ancient China used cannabis,
the source of marijuana.
 About 2500 B.C.E. Ancient Swiss people ate poppy
seeds, the source of opium.
 For thousand years, coca leaves (Erythoxylon coca,
where cocaine was extracted) have been chewed by
ancient people, and they used plants and herbs as
their medicines.
 In 350 B.C.E. Ancient Palestine drank wine.
 In 300 B.C.E. It was recorded that Ancient Greeks
drank poppy Juice.
 In South America tribes, cohoba, which was made
from mimosa beans, was used as hallucinogen.
 About 1000 C.E. The use of opium was part of
daily routine among Chinese and other Asians.
 Before 1492, Native Americans were already
using tobacco before Christopher Columbus
came.
 In the Philippines, the drugs have been
used before the Spanish came. It was predicted
that one of the uses of drugs at that time was to
make warriors more courageous to fight in a
battle. Our precolonial ancestors also have
native alcoholic beverages and masticatory
preparations made of betel leaf (buyo), areca nut
(bunga) or lime (hapug) or apog.
 In the early part of the 17th century. British Est India Company
and the competing Dutch East India introduced opium to the Asian
market, including the Philippines. Unknown to many, the Iloilo Antique
farm cultivated opium and was considered one of the largest and most
lucrative farms outside of Manila. Opium (Apiyan in tagalog) was a
regulated drug during the Spanish era, with the Chinese having
exclusive rights to its legal use. During that time, the Spanish authority
believed Filipinos would be lazy if they used opium. However, Sinibaldo
de Mas, a Spanish diplomat, contradicted the idea by arguing that, “If
Filipinos use opium, they will work hard.” His argument stemmed from
the highly-addictive quality of the drug and the necessity of paying for
it.
WHAT IS OPIUM?

Opium is a highly addictive non-

synthetic narcotic that is extracted
from the poppy plant, Papaver
somniferum. The opium poppy is the
key source for many narcotics,
including morphine, codeine, and
heroin.

WHAT IS ITS ORIGIN?

The poppy plant, Papaver somniferum,

is the source of opium.
 As early as the 1400s opium was believed to be an
aphrodisiac. Lately, It was used in recreation and as a
painkiller. Natives even mixed opium into their food.
Additionally, Chinese introduced the use of opium as
medicine, providing relief from ailments like diarrhea,
dysentery, sunstroke, coughing, asthma, pains, cholera,
among others. The turning point was when tobacco
entered Southeast Asia and opium would be combined
with tobacco. Giving rise to “opium smoke” however, due
to the misuse of opium, the Spanish government later
banned its use.
 In El Filibusterismo, Jose Rizal described
the effects of opium addiction through the life of
Kapitan Tiyago. Rizal narrated that before he
died, Kapitan Tiyago could be always seen
inside the fumadero smoking opium and he lost
all his property because of his addiction. Rizal
surmised,- ang sugapa ang halimaw ng bisyo
(addiction is the monster of vices).
 As time went by, Filipinos preferred to use morphine
injections over opium. His uses of coca leaves and marijuana
were popularized in the 1940s and 1950s. Many Filipinos then
became enslaved of these things and seemed to have no
escape from the mighty grip of addiction.
In our modern times and with the strong campaign
against drug addiction by President Duterte’s administration,
young people especially the students must be aware and fully
understand the bad effects of using illegal drugs on the body
and ruining the dreams of the young generations. Education
liberates the young minds from the emancipation of ignorance.
Information education campaign (IEC) must be intensified in all
levels of education institutions against the use of illegal drugs’
Drug Abuse

Drug abuse exists when a person

continually uses a drug other than
its intended purpose. This
continued use can lead to drug
dependence, a state of physical
and psychological dependence, or
both on a dangerous drug.
Drug Addiction
Drug addiction is a complex and
often chronic, brain disease. It is
characterized by excessive drug
craving, seeking, and use. Addiction
is caused by brain changes caused
by constant drug use.
Dependency
This is the state of physical and psychological
dependence, or both, on a dangerous drug, or
drugs, experienced by a person following the
use of that substance on a periodic or
continuous basis. A person dependent on drugs
will experience withdrawal reactions (also
known as “cold turkey”, symptoms that occur
after long-term use of a drug is reduced or
stopped abruptly) after abstaining from drugs.
Republic Act 9165

AN ACT INSTITUTING THE COMPREHENSIVE DANGEROUS

DRUGS ACT OF 2002, REPEALING REPUBLIC ACT NO.
6425, OTHERWISE KNOWN AS THE DANGEROUS
DRUGSACT OF 1972, AS AMENDED, PROVIDING FUNDS
THEREFOR, AND FOR OTHER PURPOSES.
Methamphetamine Hydrochloride (Shabu)
Street names: shabs, ice, meth, crystal, kristal, basura,
tawas

• Found to have harmful effects on the brain. It

changes how the brain functions.

• Shabu users have reduced motor skills and impaired

verbal learning.
-Severe dental problems (meth mouth)

-Anxiety

-Extreme Weight Loss

-Confusion

-Insomnia

-Mood disturbances

-Violent behavior
Cannabis Sativa (Marijuana)
Street names: weed, jutes, pot, grass, damo, chongke

• It impairs a person's ability to form a new memory

and to shift focus. Its active component,
tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) also disrupts
coordination and balance, posture, and reaction
time (spacing out). Marijuana use can lead to lung
cancer and respiratory and immune system
diseases.

Health problems that come with the use of

marijuana include:

-Problems with memory and learning

-Distorted perception (sights, sounds, time, touch)
-Trouble with thinking and problem solving.
-Loss of motor coordination
-Increased heart rate and palpitation
Inhalants
The effects of inhalants are similar to that
of alcohol, including slurred speech, lack
of coordination, euphoria, and dizziness.
Inhalant abusers may also experience
lightheadedness, hallucinations, and
delusions.

-Limb spasms
-Hearing Loss
-Central nervous system or

brain damage
-Bone marrow damage
Ecstasy
Street names: E, Snackies, and New Yorkers.

• Usually made in illegal laboratories. It

comes in the form of a tablet, powder, or
capsule, and is usually swallowed, but
could also be snorted or injected.
• Ecstasy users make them feel sociable,
energetic and prompts the body to ignore
distress signals. It could damage the liver
and kidneys and could cause convulsions
and heart failure.
• In large doses, it causes restlessness,
anxiety, and hallucinations, depression, and
memory loss.
Cocaine
Street names: Crack, Bazooka, Blanche, Cake,
Coke, or Lady.
• It is a fine white or off-white powder extracted
from the leaves of the coca plant. It is usually
sniffed or injected, while crack is usually
smoked. After snorting cocaine, users feel
exhilarated and euphoric, leading to increased
energy levels and alertness, along with
delayed hunger and fatigue.
• Short term use: loss of appetite, faster
breathing, increased body temperature and
heart rate, act strangely, erratically, and at
times violently.
• Long term use: convulsions, seizures, stroke,
cerebral hemorrhage, heart failure, respiratory
problems, abscesses, infectious diseases.
Heroine
Street names: Smack, H, Horse, Junk, Harry, and
White Lady.

• It is a painkiller processed from morphine, which

comes from the opium poppy plant. It can be
injected, snorted, smoked, or inhaled.
• Pure Heroin: White powder
• Street Heroin: Brownish white
• Heroin could relieve tension, anxiety, depression,
physical distress, or pain.
• Short term effects: constricted pupils, nausea,
vomiting, drowsiness, inability to focus and
apathy.
• Long term effects: weight loss, malnutrition,
constipation, menstrual irregularity, sedation,
chronic apathy.
• Overdosing: Coma and death through respiratory
depression
LSD
Street names: Acid or Hippie

• Semi-synthetic drug made from lysergic acid,

which is found in a fungus that grows on rye
and other grains.
• Often sell in squares of blotting paper with
drops containing the drug, but also in the form
of tablets, capsules, and liquid. The colorless
and odorless drug is often swallowed and has
a slightly bitter taste.
• Effects: changes in thought, mood, senses,
delusions, distorted perceptions, fear of losing
control, insanity, death, despair dry mouth
tremors, lack of appetite, sleepless, feeling of
empathy and sociability depending on the
mental state of the user and their environment.
Barbiturates
• Known as central nervous system depressants
which enhance the action of GABA, a
neurotransmitter that inhibits the activity of
nerve cells in the brain.
• Often used to counteract the stimulant effects
from drugs such as cocaine and
methamphetamine. This has earned them the
nickname “downers”.
• Side effects: confusion, vertigo, irritability,
drowsiness, low blood pressure, nausea,
headache, dizziness, diarrhea
• Overdose effects: difficulty concentrating,
impaired judgment, incoordination,
sluggishness, speech disturbances, staggering
unusually slow and shallow breathing, coma,
and death.
 Philippine
Agencies Against
Drug Abuse
 DARN (Drug Abuse Rehabilitation Network)
- They are in charge for the rehabilitation and educational
programs for drug abuse victims.
NBI (National Bureau of Investigation)
- Law enforcement agency initiates the treatment and
rehabilitation center for drug dependents.
PNP –NG Philippine National Police (Narcotics
Group)
- Implementing body has the mission of strict
implementation of laws and policies regarding illegal
drugs and underground groups.
 DBB (Dangerous Drug Board)
- Establishes policies and programs for the prevention
and control of drugs throughout the country. It also
further develops the existing laws regarding drug abuse
prevention and control. It also conducts seminars and
training on drug addiction awareness and programs.
DOH (Department of Health)
- Monitors and supervises all government drug
rehabilitation centers, facilities, operations, and
programs in the country including private drug
rehabilitation centers.
HIV AND
AIDS
 HIV AND AIDS
Drug use increases risk for getting or passing on
viral infections because certain viruses can spread
through blood or body fluids.
This happens with men and women, primarily in
two ways:
1.when people inject drugs and share needles or
other drug equipment,
2.when drugs impair judgment and people make
unwise, unprotected choices related to intimate
contact with an infected partner.
Did you know
that…
 36.9 million people are living with HIV
worldwide?
According to World Health Organization
(WHO) (2015), globally there were estimated
36.9 million (34.3-41.4 million) people were living
with HIV in 2014, and 2.6 million of these were
children, most of these people with HIV belong to
countries in Africa.
 Asia is confronting a complex and
devastating HIV and AIDS epidemic?
Although HIV did not hit Asian countries until the
late 1980s, by the late 1990s, the epidemic was
well established across the region. As reported by
UNAIDS in 2013, more than 350,000
Asians/Pacific Islanders were newly infected with
HIV, bringing the total number of 5 million people
living with HIV/AIDS.
 In the Philippines, more children, and young
people are getting infected with HIV?
But what is more alarming is that many of the
new victims are teenagers, with some as young
as 15. (DOH as reported by Philippine Star,
November 30, 2015)
 The Philippines is one of the nine countries
where the number of HIV-AIDS cases are
growing?
The number of the new cases of HIV-AIDS in the
Philippines in 2015 rose to over 3,000 when the
latest government data as of May 2015 showed
the monthly tally hit 748-the highest recorded
since 1984 and 51 percent jump from the same
month in 2014.
 WHAT IS HIV?
HIV refers to human immunodeficiency virus that gradually
attacks the immune system, which is the body’s natural defense
against illness. Once a person becomes infected with HIV, one will
find the difficulty to fight off infections and diseases. The HIV
destroys a type of white blood cells called a T-helper cells and
replicates itself inside them.
HIV has two types, the HIV-1 and HIV-2 respectively. Both types
can be transmitted through sexual contact, by blood, from mother to
child, and eventually cause clinically indistinguishable AIDS. The
widespread virus worldwide is HIV-1, and normally when people refer
to HIV without specifying the type of virus, they will be referring to
HIV-1. The relatively uncommon HIV-2 type is concentrated in West
Africa and some cases in India and Europe.
 How HIV destroys the immune system?
Human blood contains white and red blood cells.
Typically, the white cells ward off and kill any germs
which enter the body. How do they do this? By eating
up the germs and by producing chemicals called
antibodies which kill them. In this process, the human,
body fights off various germs’ ad stays the body
healthy. At times, there are symptoms of illness felt
when the white cells are fighting the germs, but
usually the white cell and we get better.
 The inflow of HIV in the human body weakens
the immune systems and destroys the white cells. As
more and more white cells are killed, the body
become less and less able to fight off the many
different germs which live around in human body all
the time. In the long run, after many years the white
cells are totally damaged that these germs, which
usually do not cause problems, can cause deadly
diseases.
 Stages of
HIV infection
Stage 1. Acute HIV infection
Typically, acute HIV infection develops within two
to four weeks as soon as a person is infected with
HIV. In this stage, many people have flu-like
symptoms, such as fever, headache, and rash.
Subsequently, HIV multiplies rapidly and spreads
through the body, then attacks and destroys the
infection fighting CD4 cells of the immune system.
HIV can be transmitted during any stage of infection,
but the risk is greatest during acute HIV infection.
Stage 2. Chronic HIV infection
This stage is also called asymptomatic HIV
infection or clinical latency. At this stage, HIV
continues to multiply in the body but at very low
levels. People with chronic HIV infection may not
have any HIV-related symptoms, but they can still
spread HIV to others. Without treatment with HIV
medicines, chronic HIV infection usually advances
to AID in 10 to 12 years.
Stage 3. AIDS
AIDS is the final stage of HIV infection. Normally,
without treatment, people with AIDS survive about
three years.
What is
AIDS?
 The acquired immunodeficiency syndrome or commonly
known as AIDS is the final stage of HIV infection, and not
everyone who has HIV advanced to this stage. AIDS is the
stage of infection that occurs when an immune system is
badly damaged and becomes vulnerable to opportunistic
infection (such as pneumonia and tuberculosis).
Someone with AIDS may develop ma wide range of
other health conditions, including cytomegalovirus, fungal
infections, pneumonia, thrush, toxoplasmosis, and
tuberculosis. Possible increased risk of developing other
life-limiting conditions like cancer and brain illness is also
expected.
How can I protect
myself from HIV?
THE ABCDE HIV Protection for College
Students
A - Abstinence
Delay sexual debut (age of first sexual encounters),
especially in the case of adolescents. Authorities agreed
that the best way to get rid of HIV/AIDS infection among
young people is to develop the no to pre-marital sex
attitude. Young people who are aware of the
consequences of early sexual involvement are those
individuals who become successful in life.
 It is advisable among adolescents to engage with
more productive activities during their college years.
Various wholesome activities are being offered by the
colleges and universities at large through the Office of
Student Affairs. Engagement and active involvement
of college students with co-curricular and extra-
curricular activities are one of the best ways to get rid
from any pre-marital sex activities.
Here are some tips to be a productive college student.
1.Discover your interest. Are you good at reading, cooking,
or inclined in sports, arts, and music?
2.Identify your intelligence. Every person has two or more
intelligences; tap this intelligence and develop your
potentialities. Doing so will develop your skills as well as
your confidence.
3.Be surrounded by people having dreams and vision in life.
Successful people dream and craft their life vision. People
with visions are determined to take the risk and see their
vision and dreams come true. Be one of them!
B - Be Respectful
Being in love and being loved in college is inevitable. It is
part of college life. But true love waits! Having sex with your
boyfriend/girlfriend is not the ultimate expression that you
are deeply in love with each other. In fact, if you love
somebody, you have to respect that person, as well as
yourself. Avoiding pre-marital sex is a sign of respect both
to yourself and your partner, which in return, is the
demonstration of your love to each other. With this goal, it
shows that no to pre-marital sex is still the safest way of
protecting yourself from HIV.
C - Concentrate on your study
The main reason for pursuing dreams of a college
education is to fulfill your dreams in life and be a better and
successful person someday. This goal needs concentration,
time management, and planning. Students can still
concentrate and devote quality time to study even though
they are in love. Ritchell Thibodeaux (2011) in her My
College and Careers gave possible tips on how to balance
love and study.
Some of these tips are the following:
 Time Management
Certain things must be done in certain times; do
homework first before texting or talking to the phone with
someone you love; schedule your dates during weekends;
no hanging out before and during examination week. Have
quality time also with your family, friends, and yourself. Do
not focus on one thing: balance everything. Doing this
simple advice will help you become a responsible student,
child, partner, and a person for a better future. With such,
pre-marital sex may be hindered.
 Mutual Agreement
To balance love and study, you and your partner should
agree about your plan to schedule everything so that both
of you will finish your studies and reach your dreams. If
both of you will graduate, the chances for both of you to
have more opportunities in life and be prosperous are
highly possible and then love will be in the air. If your
partner disagrees, itis a sign that your present partner is
not capable of understanding and giving importance to
your goals in life and future. So, you better think twice.
D -Do not engage in Drugs.
Drugs ruin lives, using drugs illegally makes the
human body vulnerable to harmful bacteria that
destroys the immune system. Sharing of needles
and syringes among people using illegal drugs is
highly susceptible to HIV/AIDS.
E -Educate yourself about HIV/AIDS
Schools are the best venue of knowledge. Through
partnership with other institutional agencies that have
HIV/AIDS prevention advocacy, various HIV/AIDS
awareness information campaigns, and programs are
available in the colleges and universities. As a college
student, you are encouraged to attend seminars and
workshops on health awareness and responsibility to
increase your awareness and consciousness about
HIV/AIDS. You may share among your friends and loved
ones the knowledge you acquired about HIV/AIDS.
Individuals are responsible to commit themselves to
promote the HIV/AIDS awareness to others.