Techno-economic analysis of ECF bleaching

and TCF bleaching for a bleached eucalyptus

kraft pulp mill
Kelompok 2
- M. Khairul Razak (5203022038)
- Andika Firmansyah (5203022029)
- Braga Wina Putra (5203022031)
- Calvin Putra (5203022033)
- Tommy Andreas Salim (5203022036)

Assis, T. D., dkk. 2017. Techno-economic analysis of ECF bleaching and

TCF bleaching for a bleached eucalyptus kraft pulp mill. TAPPI Journal,
Vol 16 (10), 583-595.
Universitas Katolik Widya Mandala Surabaya
2023
 Techno-economic analysis of ECF and TCF
1992 Authors Item TCF ECF
Lancaster et.al Reduction emission O -
Capital cost - O
New regulations for pulp
Operating cost - O
and paper industry
concerning environmental Pulp strength - O
issue (high emission, bio Homer and Govers Chemical cost O O
accumulative and Brooks (Based on H2O2 Chemical cost - O
chlorinated organic and O2 point of view)
Final brightness - O
compound (COC)
Parthasarathy Operating cost - O
Brunner and Pulliam Operating and Capital - O
Cost
Albert Effluent treatment cost O -

ECF & TCF Despite discussion in the literature

?
about the economic, environmental and
1. Efficiency
technical aspects. ECF has become 2. Cost
DOMINANT TECHNOLOGY in the world
(90-95%).
3. Selectivity
 IMPROVED TRADITIONAL

OBJECTIVE TCF
Bleached
eucalyptus
kraft pulp mill ECF
SEQUENCE SEQUENCE
INTEREST TO RE-EVALUATE
Perrin et.al development in TCF such as :
- Reliable ozone generator
- Improved mixing technology

It result capable of producing bleached pulp with similar properties as ECF pulp
 Process diagram of Elemental Chlorine Free (ECF)

Noted : “Experimental data for ECF ( O O D0 [EOP] D1 P) provided by Perrin et al.”

 Process diagram of Totally Chlorine Free (TCF)

Noted : “Experimental data for TCF ( O O A [ZEO]1 [ZEO]2 P ) provided by Perrin et al.”
 Materials and Methods
 Process Diagram
Unbleached Brazillian
Process Simulation using
Eucalyptus Kraft Pulp
“Win-GEMS Software”
1,000,000 a.d metric ton/year
Pulp Consistency 10%

Washing Stage :
Stage ECF Inlet 5% Stage TCF
Bleaching Discharge 30% Bleaching
Norden efficiency 7%

Bleached ECF Bleached TCF

Pulp Pulp
Evaluated
Result Data
 Materials and Methods
 Pulp properties

Noted : “ Unbleached Brazillian eucalyptus pulp after oxygen delignification was used as the starting pulp.”
 Materials and Methods
 Process Diagram
 Materials and Methods
 Financial Assumptions

Noted :
• Capital investment – Forest Biomaterials Department at North
Carolina State University

• Operating cost – Cost Benchmarking Software (Fisher Solve,

Fisher International, South Norwalk, etc)

• Probabilistic analysis – Specialized Software (@Risk,

Palisade Corporation, etc)
 Result and Discussion

Chemical usage and liquid effluent

Chemical usage TCF
MgSO4 62%
H2O2 10% ECF
Na2SO4 23%
H2SO4 17%

Liquid Effluent Discharged M3/ a.d

ECF 10,5 – 11,5
TCF 4,5 – 5,5
 Result and Discussion

Steam and Power Balances

Steam Production from M3 Steam/ a.d ton pulp Power Production kWh/ a.d ton pulp
BL ECF 742
ECF 5,27 TCF 750
TCF 5,23
Electricity Consumption kWh/ a.d ton pulp
Steam Consumption M3 Steam/ a.d ton pulp ECF 552
ECF 4,66 TCF 627
TCF 4,52
 Result and Discussion

Capital Investment
 The TCF mill consumes more oxygen, resulting in
higher capital for the oxygen plant.

 The bleaching area is more expensive for the TCF

mill because of longer residence time for
bleaching , which results in higher capital for
bleaching towers.
 Result and Discussion
• Operation costs and IRR
• Impacts of bleaching filtrate
purge on TCF scenarios
 Result and Discussion
Sensitivity and probabilistic analyses (1)
 Result and Discussion
Sensitivity and probabilistic analyses (2)
 Result and Discussion
Sensitivity and probabilistic analyses (3)
 Result and Discussion
Sensitivity and probabilistic analyses (4)
 Result and Discussion
Sensitivity and probabilistic analyses (5)
 CONCLUSION
New TCF sequence capable of
producing bleached pulp with Operating cost for both are very
similar properties as traditional ECF similar (ECF=US$465/adt vs. TCF
based on IRR (ECF=16.5% vs US$468/adt)
TCF=16.4%

Technoeconomic analysis showed

that the new TCF sequence has
TCF result less of liquid effluent promising potential.
emission Moreover, deserves additional
research to confirm the result since
it only tested in lab scale