CHURCH AND RELIGION

MODULE 6
 Religion

• According to Emile Durkheim, Religion refers to a

unified system of beliefs and practices related to
sacred things, uniting into a single moral
community. It is also taken from the latin word
“religare” meaning a tie that binds man and God.
 Religious Organization

1. ECCLESIA – dominant religion of the society which becomes an integral part of

the social order. Its emphasis is on the sacrament and creed.

2. SECT – this is comparatively small in group as it is usually a group that has

broken away from a parent church. Its emphasis is on evangelism and fundamental
teachings.
3. DENOMINATION – is a sect which has cooled down and become an institutionalized body rather
than an active protest group.

4. CULT – loosely organized and short lived religious organization. The attraction centers around a
dominant or charismatic leader.
Church and State

• Church and State were officially separated in the

1900s, but religious instruction could, at the option
of parents, be provided in public schools. The
Catholic Church's influence on the government
was quite evident in the lack of resources devoted
to family planning and the prohibition of divorce.
Functions of Religion in the Society

1. Religion gives one’s peace of mind.

2. Religion allays the fears and anxieties of the individual
reassure him of the care and protection of his deity.
3. Religion provides guidance and become a means of
social control
4. Religion performed welfare and recreation function
Functions of Religion in the Society

1. Religion maintains and regulates the value system of the society.

2. Religion integrate and promote group solidarity.

3. Religion justify, rationalize and support settlement that gives

cohesion to the society.
EDUCATION AND SCHOOL

Module 7
Education

• Webster defines education as the process of educating or teaching

(now that's really useful, isn't it?) Educate is further defined as "to
develop the knowledge, skill, or character of..." Thus, from these
definitions, we might assume that the purpose of education is to
develop the knowledge, skill, or character of students.
Unfortunately, this definition offers little unless we further define
words such as develop, knowledge, and character.
Education System

• Education in the Philippines has undergone several stages of

development from the pre-Spanish times to the present. In meeting
the needs of the society, education serves as focus of
emphases/priorities of the leadership at certain periods/epochs in
our national struggle as a race.
• As early as in pre-Spanish times, education was informal,
unstructured, and devoid of methods. Children were provided more
vocational training and less academics (3 Rs) by their parents and
in the houses of tribal
Education System

• The tribal tutors were replaced by the Spanish Missionaries.

Education was religion-oriented. It was for the elite, especially in the
early years of Spanish colonization. Access to education by the
Filipinos was later liberalized through the enactment of the
Educational Decree of 1863 which provided for the establishment of
at least one primary school for boys and girls in each town under
the responsibility of the municipal government; and the
establishment of a normal school for male teachers under the
supervision of the Jesuits. Primary instruction was free and the
teaching of Spanish was compulsory. Education during that period
was inadequate, suppressed, and controlled.
Education System

• An adequate secularized and free public school system during the

first decade of American rule was established upon the
recommendation of the Schurman Commission. Free primary
instruction that trained the people for the duties of citizenship and
avocation was enforced by the Taft Commission per instructions of
President McKinley. Chaplains and non-commissioned officers were
assigned to teach using English as the medium of instruction.
Education System

• A highly centralized public school system was installed in

1901 by the Philippine Commission by virtue of Act No. 74. The
implementation of this Act created a heavy shortage of teachers so
the Philippine Commission authorized the Secretary of Public
Instruction to bring to the Philippines 600 teachers from the U.S.A.
They were the Thomasites.
Education System

• Education in the Philippines has a similar system to that of the

United States, as the Philippines was colonized by the Americans.
Filipino children enter public school at about age four, starting from
Nursery up to Kindergarten. At about seven years of age, children
enter a primary school (6 + 1 year). This is followed by secondary
school (4 years). After which they enter collegiate school (4 or 5
years). Other types of schools do exist, such as Private schools,
Preparatory schools, International schools, and
Science High Schools.
State and the
Government
Module 8
THE PHILIPPINE POLITICAL SYSTEM

•Our political System is aptly described in summary by a

principle mandated in our very own constitution under Article II:
Section 1 – “The Philippines is a democratic and a republican state.
Sovereignty resides in the people and all government authority
emanates from them.”
•
THE PHILIPPINE POLITICAL SYSTEM

• In our country, we adopted the 1987 Philippine Constitution as our

“social contract” with the state. As sovereign, we Filipino people
crafted a constitution that defines the basic structure of the
government. It created government organs to which the power of
government are systematically allocated. With the principle of
checks and balance in mind, the constitution limits the powers and
functions of each governmental organ to ensure that abuse is
minimized if not completely prevented
THE GOVERNMENT

•Government is an aggregate of authority that rules the society.

It is also an agency through which the will of the state is formulated,
expressed and carried out. In our country, the Constitution allocates
governmental powers to the three branches of the government. The
Legislative Department where powers is exercised by the congress,
except to the extent reserved to the people lies to the President and
to the Judicial Department where power is vested is the Supreme
Court and in such lower courts as may be established by law.
THE LEGISLATIVE DEPARTMENT

•As mandated in Article VI; Section 1 of our present constitution-

“The Legislative power shall be vested to the Congress of the
Philippines which shall consists of a Senate and a House of
Representatives, except to the extent reserved to the people by the
provision on initiative and referendum.
THE LEGISLATIVE DEPARTMENT

• The Senate shall be composed of a twenty four (24) Senators who shall
be elected at large by the qualified voters.

• The House of Representatives shall be composed of not more than

two hundred and fifty members, who shall be units on the basis of a
uniform progressive ratio. There shall also be elected through a party list
system of registered national, regional and sectoral parties or
organization.
•
THE EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENT

•The executive power shall be vested in the President. No

person shall be elected president unless he is natural born Filipino
Citizen, a registered voter, able to read and write, at least forty
years of age on the day of the election, and a resident of our
country foe at least ten years immediately preceding such election.
The President shall be elected at large and has a fixed term of six
years, this is without re-election.
 THE JUDICIAL DEPARTMENT

• The Judicial power is vested to the Supreme Court and all other
lower courts established by law.

•Judicial power includes the duty to settle controversies involving

rights that are legally demandable and enforceable and to
determine whether any branch or instrumentality of government has
acted beyond its jurisdiction.
THE JUDICIAL DEPARTMENT

•The Supreme Court is known court of the last resort, under this
there are different kinds of court and these are as follows: 1.
Regular Court ( Regional Trail Court, Municipal Trail Court, Court of
Appeals; ) 2. Quasi- Judicial Court and three. Special Court
(Sandiganbayan, and Court of Tax Appeals.) Sandiganbayan hears
big time graft cases involving the performance of function of high
government officials.
THE LOCAL GOVERNMENT

• Our country has the territorial and political subdivision which consist
of the provinces, cities, municipalities and the smallest of which is
the barangay.
•The provinces and municipalities are headed by a city or
municipal Mayor, then a city or municipal Councilor and members of
the Sangguniang Panlusod or Bayan.
•The Barangays are headed by a Punong Barangay and by a
Sangguniang Barangay
Forms of Government in the Philippines at Present

•1.Democracy (literally "rule by the people", from the Greek demos,

"people," and kratos, "rule") is a form of government for a nation state, or for an
organization in which all the citizens have a voice in shaping policy. Today
democracy is often assumed to be liberal democracy. While the term
democracy is often used in the context of a political state, the principles are
also applicable to other bodies, such as universities, labor unions, public
companies, or civic organizations.
Forms of Government in the Philippines at Present

2. Republic is a state or nation, the sovereignty of which is based on popular

consent, and the governance of which is based on popular representation and
control. Several definitions, including that of the 1911 Encyclopedia Britannica,
stress the importance of the rule of law as part of the requirements for a
republic. Many general dictionaries indicate in their primary definitions, that a
republic features "a chief of state who is not a monarch and who in modern
times is usually a president."
Forms of Government

1. Republican Government
• In most modern republics the head of state is termed president. Other
titles that have been used are consul, doge, archon and many others. In
republics that are also democracies the head of state is appointed as the
result of an election. This election can be indirect, such as if a council of
some sort is elected by the people, and this council then elects the head
of state. In this kind of government the usual term for a president is in the
range of four to six years. In some countries the constitution limits the
number of terms the same person can be elected as president.
Forms of Government

• 2.Presidential – a form of government in which the legislative

department is constitutionally independent of the executive
department as regards his policies and acts. It rest upon the
principle that the executive is independent of the legislature, not
owing his office to the latter and, therefore, not removable by it.
Forms of Government

3. Unitary – a unitary government is one in which the powers of

government are concentrated in one supreme organ from which all
local governing authorities derive their existence and powers. The
essence of this form of government is the fact that a single
organization has been created by the sovereign power – generally the
people – through the constitution, to which is left the task of providing
for the territorial distribution of governmental powers with which it is
invested.
THE PHILIPPINE ECONOMIC SYSTEM

• 1.Traditional economy. This is the type of economy whose economic

problems are solved and decided upon by the tradition of the society or by
the practices handed from generation to generation.
• 2.Command economy. The choices of decisions are made by a group of
people or state. These few decision makers set the kind and quantity of
goods n services to be produced by a particular society.
• 3.Market economy. In this type of economy, production and distribution are
determined primarily by the law of supply and demand of goods and
services. “Prices guides the economic activity”.
DEMOGRAPHY AND POPULATION EDUCATION
DEMOGRAPHY

• Demography is the statistical study of human populations.

Demography examines the size, structure, and movements of
populations over space and time. It uses methods from history,
economics, anthropology, sociology, and other fields. Demography
is useful for governments and private businesses as a means of
analyzing and predicting social, cultural, and economic trends
related to population.
SOURCES OF DEMOGRAPHIC DATA

• 1. Census
• 2. Sample surveys
• 3. Registration system
The study of demography encompasses
the following:

1. Size and Shape of Population:

-Generally, the size of population means the total number of persons
usually residing in a definite area at a definite time. The size and
shape of population of any region, state or nation are changeable.
2. Aspects Related to Birth Rate and Death Rate:
-Birth rate and death rate are the decisive factors that influence the
size and shape of the population and therefore their importance in
population studies is crucial
The study of demography encompasses
the following:

3. Composition and Density of Population:

• In the subject matter of demography, the study of composition and
density of population is important. In the composition of population
factors like the sex ratio, race wise and age- group wise size of
population, the ratio of rural and urban population, distribution of
population according to religion and language, occupational
distribution of population, agricultural and industrial structure and
per sq. km. density of population are very important.
Socio-Economic Problems:

Out of the many problems relating to population growth, the effects of

high density due to industrialization in the urban areas are of more
importance as they affect the socio-economic life of the people.
Problems like slum areas, polluted air and water, crime, addiction to
liquor, juvenile delinquency, and prostitution, are also important
subjects of study in demography.
Quantitative and Qualitative Aspects:

• Along with the quantitative problems of population, the qualitative

problems also form part of population studies. Moreover, the study
of demography includes the availability of physicians in the total
population, number of hospitals, the number of beds in hospitals,
expectation of life at birth, daily availability of minimum calories,
resistance power, advertisement of family planning programme and
its development, the changes brought in the attitudes of people
regarding child birth and adequate medical facility for delivery, etc.
Distribution of Population:

Population studies include the following:

• (a) How people are distributed among and within continents, world
regions and developed and underdeveloped countries?
• (b) How their numbers and proportions change?
• (c) What political, social and economic causes bring changes in the
distribution of population. Within a country, it also includes the study
of distribution of population
PHILIPPINE POPULATION

In 1990 the Philippine population was more than 66 million, up from

48 million in 1980. This figure represents an annual growth rate of 2.5
percent, down from 2.6 percent in 1980 and from more than 3 percent
in the 1960s. Even at the lower growth rate, the Philippine population
will increase to an estimated 77 million by the year 2000 and will
double every twenty-nine years into the next century. Moreover, in
1990 the population was still a youthful one, with 57 percent under
the age of twenty. The birth rate in early 1991 was 29 per 1,000, and
the death rate was 7 per 1,000. The infant mortality rate was 48
deaths per 1,000 live births. Population density increased from 160
per square kilometer in 1980 to 220 in 1990
Population

1. All the people living in a particular country, area, etc.

• Thesaurus: people, citizens, citizenry, residents, denizens,
inhabitants, populace, occupants, natives, society, community, folk.

2. Statistics.
• A group that consists of all the possible quantities or values relevant
to a statistical study, from which representative samples are taken in
order to determine the characteristics of the whole.
Causes of Rapid Population Growth.

1. Sustained fertility:

-a. Certain Filipino customs, traditions, and beliefs contribute to

the high population growth rate. Having a large family is
traditional to us. Parents derive satisfaction from having many
children who will perpetuate their name and support them at old
age;
Causes of Rapid Population Growth.

-b. Few people are motivated to limit their family size;

-c. The availability of a number of safe, inexpensive and effective

contraceptives has not had a noticeable restraining influence on the
overall population growth;

-d. . Early marriage

-e. There is lack of control on the part of man, specially; and

-f. The permissive atmosphere which is conductive to pre-marital sexual

relationship.
Causes of Rapid Population Growth.

2. Decline in mortality due to the following:

a. Advance in science and technology;

b. Intensified nutrition or diet;

c. Sanitation;

d. Introduction of artesian well; and

e. Improved ways of sewage waste.

Causes of Rapid Population Growth.

3. Migration – movement of people across a specified boundary for the purpose

of establishing a new or semi-permanent residence

THREE TYPES OF MIGRATION

1. International Migration – refers to the relatively permanent transfer of

residence from one sovereign nation to another.
2. Internal Migration – a permanent change of residence within a country.
3. Circulation – consist of temporary, rather than permanent movement (migrant
typically move to another community to work or to study for a while, then return
later to live in their home community)
Population Change

• is calculated by subtracting the number of people leaving a population

(through death and emigration) from the number of entering it (through birth
and immigration) during a specified period of time (usually a year).

 Population increases when birth + immigration exceed deaths + emigration

 Population declines when the reverse is true.

Zero Population Growth (ZPG) – A condition when these factors (births, death,
immigration and emigration) balance out, population size remains stable.

Two Statistics used by Demographers

1. Birth Rate / Crude Birth Rate – the number of live births per 1000
people in a population in a given year.
• Death Rate / Crude Death Rate – the number of deaths per 1000
people in a population in a given year.
FACTORS AFFECT DEATH RATES?

Two (2) Useful Indicators of overall health in a country or region

are:
1. Life Expectancy – average number of years a newborn
infant can expect to live.
2. Infant Mortality Rate – the number of babies out of every
1000 born each year that die with in a year of birth. It is the
single most important measure of a society’s quality of life.
Population Age Structure

Age Structure of population – the proportion of the population (or at each

sex) at each age level

Three (3) Age Categories used by the demographers in plotting the

percentage/numbers of males & females in total population.

1. Pre-reproductive – ages 0 to 14

2. Reproductive – ages 15 to 44

3. Postreproductive – ages 45 and up

Importance of Demography:

(1) For the Economy

Population studies help us to know how far the growth rate of the economy is
keeping pace with the growth rate of population. If population is increasing at a
faster rate, the pace of development of the economy will be slow. The
government can undertake appropriate measures to control the growth of
population and to accelerate the development of the economy
(2) For Society:
• When population is increasing rapidly, the society is faced with innumerable
problems. Shortages of basic services like water, electricity, transport and
communications, public health, education, etc. arise.
Importance of Demography:

(3) For Economic Planning:

-Data relating to the present trend in population growth help the planners in
formulating policies for the economic plan of the country.
-Population data are also used by the planners to project future trends in
fertility and to formulate policy measures to control the birth rate
(4) For Administrators:
-Population studies are also useful for administrators who run the government.
In under-developed countries, almost all social and economic problems are
associated with the growth of population
Importance of Demography:

(5) For Political System:

• The knowledge of demography is of immense importance for a democratic
political system. It is on the basis of the census figures pertaining to different
areas that the demarcation of constituencies is done by the election
commission of a country. The addition to the number of voters after each
election helps to find out how many have migrated from other places and
regions of the country.
• It is on the basis of male and female voters in an area that the election
commission establishes election booths for voters and appoints the election
staff. (sociologydiscussion.com)