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2022 Acm33 C A11 Lecture Notes Ems
2022 Acm33 C A11 Lecture Notes Ems
By
Dr. Abhijat Arun Abhyankar
Senior Associate Professor
Reference Book
•Essential Environmental Studies by S. P. Misra, S. N. Pandey, Published
by Ane Book Pvt. Ltd.
•Environmental Science and Engineering, P. Venugopala Rao, Prentice
Hall of India
•Metcalf and Eddy, Wastewater Engineering, Treatment, Disposal and
Reuse, Tata McGraw Hill, 1995
•Canter, L., Environmental Impact Assessment, McGraw Hill, New York,
1996.
•Sawyer, C.N., McCarty, P. L., and Parkin,G. F., Chemistry for
Environmental Engineering, McGraw-Hill, Inc., New York, 1994
•LaGrega, M.D., Buckingham, P.L., and Evans, J.C., Hazardous Waste
Management, McGraw-Hill International Editions, New York. 1994.
•H.S. Peavy, D.R.Rowe, G.Tchobanoglous: Environmental Engineering,
McGraw-Hill, 1985.
•M.L.Davis and D.A. Cornwell: Introduction to Environmental
Engineering, McGraw Hill, 1991.
Any guesses?
•Biogeochemical Cycle
•Ecosystem
•Complete vs. Incomplete oxidation and its effects
•Societal needs and industry produced-Environmental Pollution?
•Local vs. Regional vs. Global environmental issues
•Solid waste/Hazardous waste/Biomedical waste management
•Ozone depletion
•Love Canal episode?-Hooker Chemicals
•CC-Gases? Why important?
•Nuclear Power-required or not?
•Hydro power-A clean energy source?
(Contd.)
• Great Pacific garbage patch
• Sick Building Syndrome
• PVC
• Tupperware products
• Urban heat Island Effect
•Tissue paper-Environmental impacts?
•Ehrlich Identity
•Paper cup vs. Plastic cup-Which is better
•Environmental Kuznet Curve
•Yokkaichi Asthma,-Air pollution, Yokkaichi Japan- The burning of
petroleum and crude oil released large quantities of sulfur oxide that
caused severe smog, resulting in severe cases of bronchial asthma
among the local inhabitants.
•Hazardous waste vs. Hazardous material
•Fly ash-Hazardous waste? Malwa region of Punjab
•Synergistic effect
Itai-itai disease or ouch ouch
The documented case of mass cadmium poisoning in Toyama Prefecture, Japan
The cadmium poisoning caused softening of the bones and kidney failure.
The disease is named for the severe pains caused in the joints and spine.
The cadmium was released into rivers by mining companies in the mountains. The mining companies were successfully sued
for the damage.
Prior to World War II the mining, controlled by the Mitsui Mining and Smelting Co., Ltd., increased to satisfy the wartime
demand.
This subsequently increased the pollution of the Jinzū River and its tributaries.
The river was used mainly for irrigation of rice fields, but also for drinking water, washing, fishing, and other uses by
downstream populations.
Due to the cadmium poisoning, the fish in the river started to die, and the rice irrigated with river water did not grow well.
The cadmium and other heavy metals accumulated at the bottom of the river and in the water of the river.
This water was then used to irrigate the rice fields. The rice absorbed heavy metals, especially the cadmium. The cadmium
accumulated in the people eating contaminated rice.
The population complained to the Mitsui Mining and Smelting about the pollution. The company built a basin to store the
mining waste water before leading it into the river. It was too little, too late as many people were already sick.
Did you know?
80% of all diseases in the world are associated with water, 25 million people die because of water
borne disease.
According to expert committee on Ganga Action Plan in India, 25% is industrial pollution and 75% is
domestic pollution, in toxicity terms industrial pollution is much more.
70% of all available water in India is polluted. 73 million workdays are lost due to water related
disease
142 major cities are identified as culprits for 80% of water pollution in India
High fluoride intake can cause tooth decay and crippled bones. Arsenic can cause skin cancer and skin
pigmentation (200 districts in 19 states affected). Standard for fluoride and arsenic are 1.5 mg/l and
0.05 mg/l, respectively and excess of these poses health hazard. An estimated 44 million people
impacted, and another 66 million at risk.
About 5 million chemicals have been synthesized in last 4 decades. About 70,000 chemicals are being
used extensively in different commercial products.
All of India's fourteen major river systems are heavily polluted-gastro intestinal diseases
In this Saturday, June 22, 2013 photo, a Haze shrouds Malaysia's landmark Petronas
motorist wears a face mask as he rides through Twin Towers in Kuala Lumpur, on June 23,
a town shrouded with thick haze in Muar, 2013.
northwestern Johor, Malaysia.
Northern China smog closes schools and airport in Harbin
The density of airborne particles was several times above WHO recommended
limits. Visibility was reduced to below 50m (160ft) in parts of the city. The
pollution is linked to switching the public heating system for winter.
PM 2.5 levels, used to measure the amount of particulate matter smaller than 2.5
micrometres in the air, were above 500 micrograms per cubic metre on Monday
morning. WHO guidelines say average daily concentrations of PM 2.5 should be
no more than 25 microgrammes per cubic metre.
Central Pollution Control Board on Thursday told the Supreme Court why the
Yamuna in its 22-km course through Delhi mostly stinks like a sewer drain - as
against the norm of 5,000 MPN coliform per 100 ml of water, Yamuna water in
Delhi had between 4 lakh to 16 crore coliform per 100 ml.
The norm of 5,000 MPN/100 ml of water is the quality prescribed for 'C'
category of water, which is fit for drinking after treatment. But, on January 7,
2014, the total coliform in Yamuna water at Nizamuddin was 54000000 (5.4
crore) and at Kalindi Kunj it was 160000000 (16 crore). But, at Palla the river
water is relatively clean. On January 7 last year the total coliform detected at
Palla was 43,000.
But at the rest of the places through the city, the water did not even qualify to the standard of
"C" grade water and was declared unfit for even bathing. The CPCB also submitted the quality
of water in 22 drains that joins Yamuna during its course through Delhi. A year ago in
December 2013, the Supreme Court had sought expert help from the Indian Institute of
Technology (IIT) after being told by CPCB that despite Rs 5,000 crore spent for reducing
pollution, the river was staring at a catastrophe as over 2,400 million litres of untreated sewage
flows into it every day.
Since 1994, when the apex court took up monitoring of steps to reduce pollution in Yamuna,
Uttar Pradesh has spent Rs 2,052 crore, Delhi government and its civic bodies Rs 2,387 crore
and Haryana Rs 549 crore to clean the river, taking the total to Rs 4,988 crore.
A joint report by CPCB and DJB had informed the court a year ago that the situation would get
worse as "waste water generation due to growth of urban population will be substantial and
may be in the range of about 5,000 to 6,000 MLD respectively for the corresponding years
2021 and 2031".
Case study on Emissions and major sources of
air pollutants in the UK
Emissions and major sources of air
pollutants in the UK, 2001 (in thousand
tonnes)
POLLUTANT EMISSIONS MAIN SOURCE
thousand tonnes
SO2 1125 Power stations
Particulates
542 358 309 178
(PM10)
Volatile Organic
Compounds 2172 2338 2603 1596
(VOCs)
This amounts to a 414% increase. What caused the increase? Clearly it was not
simply a population effect but joint effect of affluence and technology working
together.
Paper vs. Polyfoam Cup
Per cup (based on M. Hocking (1991)
Item Paper Cup Polyfoam cup
Per cup
Raw materials
Utilities:
Stream (Kg) 9000-12000 5000
Power (KWh) 980 120-180
Cooling water (m3) 50 154
Water effluent
Volume (m3) 50-90 0.5-20
Suspended Solids (Kg) 35-60 Trace
BOD (Kg) 30-50 0
Organochlorines (Kg) 5-7 0
Metal salts (Kg) 1-20 20
Air emissions
Chlorine (Kg) 0.5 0
Chloride dioxide (Kg) 0.2 0
Reduced Sulfides (Kg) 2.0 0
Particulate (Kg) 5-15 0.1
Chlorofluorocarbon (Kg) 0 0
Pentane (Kg) 0 35-50
Sulfur dioxide (Kg) 10 10
Recyclable Potential of paper Cups and
Polyfoam Cups
Item Paper Cup Polyfoam Cup
Recyclable Potential
To primary user Possible, though Easy, negligible
washing can destroy water uptake
After use Low, hot melt High, resin reuse in
adhesive or coating other applications
difficulties
Ultimate Disposal of paper cups and
Polyfoam Cups
Item Paper Cup Polyfoam Cup
Ultimate Disposal
Basic Agricultural
need/food products Pesticide
Irrigation
Development projects
activities
Poll
Popul uti
ation on
Urbanization
Industrialization
EMS and ISO 14000/14001
•ISO 14000/14001 is an international standard for
environmental management systems; it is not a standard
for environmental performance
2 Particulate Pollutants
dust, fly ash, pesticides, heavy metals, aerosols
CRITERIA AIR POLLUTANTS : SOURCES AND EFFECTS
Sr. No. Pollutant Sources Health effects Other effects
Extreme winter, Light winds and moisture content resulted in smog formation.
Additional coal combustion created congenial environment for smog. Heaviest
winter smog.
Sulphur dioxide reacted with foggy droplets to form sulphuric acid, adding an
intense form of acid rain to the process.
Smog easily entered buildings, causing cinemas, theatres and stores to be closed.
Transport became largely impossible. Motor vehicles were abandoned, trains were
disrupted and airports were also closed.
Total deaths –
12.000 people, mainly children, elderly people and people
suffering from chronic respiratory or cardiac disease.
This heavy pollution and its resulting death toll made people
aware of the seriousness of air pollution. The London smog
disaster resulted in the introduction of the first Clean Air Acts in
1956.
Photochemical Smog
They are formed from a peroxyacyl radical and nitrogen dioxide, for e.g.
peroxyacetyl nitrate, CH3COOONO2:
Hydrocarbons (unburnt) + O2 + NO2 + light → CH3COOONO2
The general equation is; CxHyO3 + NO2 → CxHyO3NO2
The formation of PAN becomes an issue when ethanol is used as an automotive
fuel.
PANs is a secondary pollutant . Toxic and irritating, as they dissolve more readily
in water than ozone.
They cause eye irritation at concentrations of only a few parts per billion.
Peroxyacetyl nitrate, or PAN, is an oxidant more stable than ozone.
It serves as a carrier for oxides of nitrogen (NOx) into rural regions and causes
ozone formation in the global troposphere.
The hydrogen atom formed by this reacts rapidly with oxygen to give a peroxy
radical HO2.
OH + CO → H + CO2
H + O2 → HO2
HO2 + NO → OH + NO2
NO2 + hν → NO + O
O + O2 → O3
Reduced lung function, making it more difficult to breathe deeply and vigorously.
Breathing may become more rapid and more shallow than normal, and a person's
ability to engage in vigorous activities may be limited.
Aggravation of asthma. When ozone levels are high, more people with asthma have
attacks that require a doctor's attention or use of medication.
Inflammation and damage to the lining of the lungs. Within a few days, the damaged
cells are shed and replaced much like the skin peels after a sunburn.
Ozone depletion in stratosphere
Industry Pollutants
Cement Cement dust, oxides
paper Merceptons, H2S, SO2
Thermal power plant Fly ash, SO2, NOx
Petrochemicals and HC, CO, dust
refineries
Paints Nitrobenzene
Iron and steel Dust
Metallurgical units Dust, fumes, smoke
Typical Size Distribution of Ambient Aerosols
Size Range .01 to 50µm
Human hair: 100 µm
Coal dust: 1-100 µm
Smoke: 0.02 – 0.8 µm
Coarse > 10 µm
Mass
Fine < 2.5 µm
Conc
Ultrafine < 0.1 µm
Removal Process
0.01 0.10 1.0 10.0
1. Sedimentation
Diameter (µm) 2. Impaction
3. Rainout / Washout
Nuclei mode
Accumulation Coarse mode
(diffusion/
(Sedimentation)
agglomeration) mode
V t α r2
Stokes law
If a discrete spherical particle suspended in air and water, its
terminal setting velocity for dilute suspension is given by
Vt=g(ρp- ρw)d2/18μ
Given:
ρw =density of water=998.2 kg/m3
g is gravitational constant=9.81m/s2
μ is the dynamic viscosity=1.002 × 10-3 N.s/m2
The absorption of nitrogen dioxide forms by product nitric oxide (NO). Nitric
Oxide is very low in solubility so it escapes the scrubber as part of the
exhaust air.
Gas Scrubbing with Hydrogen Peroxide
Processes for Nitrogen Oxide Removal
• Gas scrubbing is one of the most common forms of NOx
treatment, with sodium hydroxide being the conventional
scrubbing medium
A natural alkaline usable to absorb SO2 is seawater. The SO2 is absorbed in the
water, and when oxygen is added reacts to form sulfate ions SO 4- and free H+.
1) Dust removal
2) Catalytic reduction of NOx by adding NH3 to the gas upstream the SCR DeNOx reactor
3) Catalytic oxidation of SO2 to SO3 in the oxidation reactor
4) Cooling of the gas to about 100 °C whereby the H 2SO4 condenses and can be withdrawn
as concentrated sulfuric acid product
Wind Rose diagram
Biodegradable:
These can be broken down into simpler organic
matter by microbial activity
e.g. Vegetable and fruit peeling, waste food
Non-biodegradable:
These cannot be decomposed or broken down into
simpler organic matter by microbial activity.
e.g. Plastic goods, polyethylene bags, glass metal
containers
Biomagnification
The sources of pollution of major Indian rivers
Sr. River Sources of Pollution
No.
1 Bhadra Pulp, steel and paper industries
2 Cauvery Distilleries, tanneries, paper, rayon mills and sewage
3 Damodar Fertilizers, thermal power stations, fly ash from steel
mills
4 Godavari Paper mills
5 Ganga Jute mills, chemical factories, tanneries, textile mills etc
6 Hooghly Paper, jute, textiles, paints, metal, steel and rayon mills
and detergents and sewage
Disadvantages
Does not remove color from industrial wastes and may increase the color through formation of
highly colored intermediates through oxidation
Does not remove nutrients, tertiary treatment is necessary
Problem of getting well settled sludge
Recycle biomass keeps high biomass keeps high biomass concentration in aeration tanks
allowing it to be performed in technologically acceptable detention times
Characteristic of effluent from selected industries
Sr. Industry BOD pH Solids Others
No. (mg/L) (mg/L)
1 Diary 1000 8 1000 Biodegradable
Drinking water source after • Total Coliforms Organism MPN/100ml shall be 5000 or
conventional treatment and C less pH between 6 to 9 Dissolved Oxygen 4mg/l or more
disinfection • Biochemical Oxygen Demand 5 days 20°C 3mg/l or less
Propagation of Wild life and • pH between 6.5 to 8.5 Dissolved Oxygen 4mg/l or more
D • Free Ammonia (as N) 1.2 mg/l or less
Fisheries
• pH between 6.0 to 8.5
Irrigation, Industrial Cooling, • Electrical Conductivity at 25°C micro mhos/cm Max.2250
E
Controlled Waste disposal • Sodium absorption Ratio Max. 26
• Boron Max. 2mg/l
Below-E Not Meeting A, B, C, D & E Criteria
Drinking Water Quality Standards
Sr. No. Parameters Desirable permissible limit (mg/L)
1 Color 5-10 (hazen’s scale)
2 Turbidity 10 (Nepheloturbidity units)
3 Taste and odor Acceptable
4 pH Neutral or slightly alkaline
5 Total dissolved solids 1000
6 Hardness as CaCO3 200
7 Chlorides 250
8 Sulphates 150
9 fluorides 0.8 to 1.5
10 nitrates 45
11 Iron 0.1
12 Mercury 0.001
13 Phenol 0.001
14 Cr, As, Cu, CN, Se, Cd, Pb Less than 0.01
15 Coliform count Nil
16 Radioactivity Nil
17 Alkyl Benzene sulphonate 1
Let's Start from Home
Do's Don'ts
Use mug instead of running tap while brushing While taking bath, don't use shower run for
teeth. long.
While watering plants, instead of running hose, Don't allow water overflow from the over head
use water cane. tank.
Use a toilet flush which consumes less water. Don’t buy loud crackers during Deepawali
Carry cloth, jute or paper bag to the market. For washing floor, Don't use running hose use
mop and bucket.
Use dustbin for garbage disposal. Don't junk things break rather think to fix
them.
Plant a garden. Even in urban settings, you can Avoid unnecessary use of lights and fans.
grow herbs and flowers in pots.
Wear extra-layer of clothes at home instead of Don't louder the volume of your TV, radio and
turning up the heater. music system.
While shaving, use mug instead running hose. Never leave food residue in your plate uneaten.
If you have a choice, pick paper bags over Don't over packaged’ goods and foods.
plastic bags at the grocer and elsewhere if you Containers and packaging make up about a
do take plastic bags, wash and reuse them. quarter of the waste stream
Prevention and Control of Vehicular Pollution
Do's Don'ts
Do you really need to drive a car Don't use extensively your private
everywhere? Walk to work, or ride a vehicles,try to use public transportation
bicycle whenever possible.
Carpool. Two - or four - can ride as Avoid congested road and rush hours.
cheaply as one.
Get a valid pollution under control Don’t idle away energy. Beyond one
certificate from authorized testing minute, it is more fuel - efficient to restart
centre. your car
Clean up your act. Keep automobiles Don't forget to Keep your vehicle tuned up.
fuel filters clean and save the fuel. When a vehicle is running well, it uses
nine per cent less fuel and thus emits fewer
toxic and noxious fumes.
Clean the air filter and oil filter Don't try to replicate mechanical works
regularly. and experiment with your car.
Clean the carbon deposit from silencer. Don't forget to replace your old battery
with new battery when it required.
Maintain recommended tyre pressure . Don't use clutch pedal as footrest.
Prevention and Control of Water Pollution
Do's Don'ts
Reuse of water whenever possible, Kitchen water can Don't keep on the tap running while having,
be used for watering the plants bath, brushing teeth, or washing dishes it
wastes about 2 liters of water every minute.
Plan your kitchen activity to avoid wastage of fuel and Don’t hose down your lawn or corridor to clean
water. it. Sweep it off.
Fix leaks promptly. A dripping joint can waste more Don’t wash the clothes and kitchen utensils in
than 76 liters of water a day. the water bodies
Take showers instead of baths. Showers use less water Don’t litter. When camping, keep the areas
- if you limit them to five minutes. Install low-flow clean.
shower-heads.
Plastic materials can be a murder weapons for wildlife, Avoid throwing flowers, sweets, puja materials
minimise their use. Blown from land and roadsides, into a river. It will degrade the quality of water.
they often end up in the water, where they can entangle The river wont be happy with this.
and kill birds and fishes.
Use sprinkler for irrigation. Avoid throughing dead bodies in a river. This
will ultimately landing in the mouth of dogs,
vultures & other animals.Do you like it to
happen with your bodies.
Use scientific method of application fertilizers. Never dump anything into the water bodies.
Run your dishwasher, washing machine, and dryer Avoid use of weedicides
only when you have full loads. When possible, use an
outdoor clothesline instead of a clothes dryer.
Thank you