Occupational hazards in Dental

clinic, Textile industries, and

mechanical workers
Tahif. TY . Optometry
Introduction
Occupational hazards are risks associated with working
in specific occupations. The Occupational Safety and
Health Administration (OSHA) describes five
categories of occupational hazards: physical safety
hazards, chemical hazards, biological hazards, physical
hazards, and ergonomic risk factors.

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Hazards in dental
clinic
Eye health is becoming an increasingly important subject both for the health
care system and the society . Since infections and injuries in the eyes may go
unnoticed, partial loss of vision or even blindness may occur . On the other
hand; there are some protective and preventive measures which could easily
provide good visibility while maintaining the integrity of eye health. The use
of eye protection gear, such as protective goggles and visors, reduces the risk
of eye damage or complete loss of vision while working with dangerous
floating materials or performing sportive activities.
dental clinic may be a source of eye-related injuries because of the
constant risk of mechanical trauma as well as the possibility of being
exposed to various chemicals and electromagnetic activity. Accidents
resulting in injuries related to face and eyes may occur at any time during
the treatment, and dentists, dental assistants as well as patients may be
involved
prevalence of ocular injuries and infections among dental personnel
which consists of dental assistants, dentists and technicians. The foreign
body related injury prevalence of dental personnel, the dentists and the
technicians was found to be 42.3%. The conjunctivitis prevalence of the
dentists was, respectively, 7.1% and 42.8%
Causes of eye-trauma and
contamination
The harmful effects and contamination concerning the eyes most commonly occur in two ways.
The first one is the development of contamination in the areas recently traumatized by infected solid
materials such as tooth corpuscles, calculus, bone particles, parts of steel, gold, and amalgam particles
which may fly off from dental tools or materials and hit the eyes with a speed up to 96 km per hour
The second cause is the presence of
micro-organisms in the blood and
saliva mixture, which may be
transferred into the conjunctiva by
the absorption of aerosol effect
created by high-speed turbine and
micro motors.
 Table
Infective/Trauma Adverse Effect Cause Symptoms Treatment Outcome
Heals rapidly, Recurrent
Trauma Corneal abrasion Foreign Body Acutely Painful Self limiting corneal erosion, Secondary
infection
Haemorrhage into anterior Remove foreign body,
Penetrating foreign body Acute Pain Cataracts
chamber Suturing
Altered vision Altered Pupil distortion Detached
Torn iris
appearance retina Uveitis
Laceration, may involve lid
Lacerations Blunt / Sharp object Anatomical repair Scarring
margin
Copious irrigation Remove
Mild conjunctivitis
any particles pH with litmus Usually recovers Corneal
Epithelial erosions
Chemical Injury Acid / Alkali paper Topical antibiotics defects (opacities and
Superficial punctuate
Lubricants Topical steroids perforation)
keratopathy
Vitamin C

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Infective/Trauma Adverse Effect Cause Symptoms Treatment Outcome

Table
Staphylococcus,
Infective Bacterial Conjunctivits Streptococcus, Redness, Discharge, Usually self limiting Heals
Pneumococcus Haemophilus

Ocular irritation

Staphylococcus epidermidis,
Staphylococcus aureus,
Bacterial keratitis Streptococcus pneumoniae, Pain, Purulent discharge, Topical antibiotics Heals
Coliforms, Pseudomonas,
Haemophilus

Ciliary injection,
Visual impairment, White
corneal opacity
Adenovirus, Coxsackie, Watery, Purulent discharge, Self limiting but highly
Viral conjunctivitis Heals
Picornavirus Chemosis, contagious
Excess lacrimation

Dendritic ulcers on the

Viral keratitis Herpes simplex cornea, May involve the Ulcers heal without scarring,
stoma
Risk of permanent scarring
and blindness
Possible chronic hepatitis,
Hepatitis B and C Hepatitis virus Systemic infection Interferon treatment cirrohosis, Risk of
hepatocellular carcinoma

HIV HIV Systemic infection Supportive drug therapy Poor long term prognosis

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Injuries caused by trauma
Standard or high speed drills are widely used in nearly every dental treatment such as
removal of old fillings, cleaning of caries, polishing, orthodontic application s, prosthetic
preparations or bone removal. Tissue particles or excess materials flying off in every
direction during cavity preparation significantly increase the risk of eye injury for dental
professionals
When the injury occurs, foreign body is located in the conjunctival sac or cornea in most of
the cases. This causes acute pain, lacrimation and erythema in the eyeball. Deeper
penetrations may result in corneal perforation and lens injuries. Eye injuries constitute about
10% of all the injuries that occur during dental treatment and oral surgery. They are mostly
caused by aerosols and foreign bodies

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Preventions of these hazards
 Safety goggles
 Wearing of Gloves
 PPE's

 Use of disposable masks

 Washing hands after dental procedures( both patient and
clinician

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 Hazards in Textile industries
The textile industry has various divisions like spinning, dyeing, printing, etc. Many hazards and risks in
such industries affect the physical and mental health of professionals. Diseases arising from the textile
industry are noise-induced hearing loss, heart-related and vision-related diseases, neurotoxicity, and other
skin diseases. Recent studies have shown that the amount of dust and debris generated by picking cotton
from the field using machinery is more significant than that of picking cotton by hand. Workers are exposed
to dust from various materials such as cotton, wool, flax, hemp, sisal etc. When inhaled, these dust particles
enter the lungs through the respiratory tract leading to various respiratory disorders in the workers

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Disease caused are
Byssinosis => inhalation of cotton dust
Deafness due machine noise
Heat stress
Penetrating Foreign body in eye

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Most of Eye related injuries re seen in Dyeing, Printing ,and finishing unit

Dyeing:
Dyeing involves a chemical combination or a powerful physical affinity between the dye
and the fibre of the fabric. An extensive variety of dyes and processes is used, depending on
the type of fabric and the end-product desired.
Hazards in dyeing: Fire and explosion
The fire hazards found in a dye works are the flammable solvents used in the processes and
certain flammable dye material

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Dyes used alkaline in nature thus alkalies have strong tissue penetrating power and destroy
the eye completely and cutaneous
How it can happen ?
Splash of dye in eye
accidental touching the eye without washing hands
Fumes from chemicals can cause eye skin irritation

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Prevention
Many textile industrial hazards can be prevented by following proper protocols setup by
Central Industrial management
i.e.
1. Use of disposable face masks and Face shield \ safety goggles
2. Use of Disposable long elbow length Rubber Gloves
3. Rubber shoes and use of aprons
4. Washing of hands

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Hazards in Garage mechanics
What do mechanics do?
Mechanics work in many different industries including aviation, automotive,
commercial, industrial or residential settings. Some of their main duties are to:
Install, repair and maintain mechanical systems.
Prepare cost estimates and documentation for clients.
Use, clean and maintain various equipment and machines.
Supervise apprentices or other workers

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What are some health and safety issues for mechanics ?
 Working with explosive items, such as air bags.
Mechanics work in a variety of settings and may be Bursting of tires while repairing or installing.
exposed to several hazards, including: Extreme temperatures.
Risk of pain or injury from awkward positions,
Exposure to chemicals, solvents, solder, and other repetitive manual tasks, or lifting heavy objects.
products.(skin and eye injuries ) Risk of falling objects (including the vehicle) when
working under vehicles, or with jacks, hoists, or
Exposure to gasoline or diesel exhaust. hydraulic lifts.
Risk of electrical shock or burns. Possibility of working at heights.
Risk of eye injury from flying particles.
Fire risk from fuels and other products. Risk of hand injuries.
Burns from battery acid, hot surfaces, exhaust, etc. Slips, trips and falls.
Working with various hand tools, power tools and
Potentially working in confined spaces.
equipment.
Welding hazards, including UV radiation. Stress.
Shift work or extended work days.
Working with compressed air.
Working alone.
Working near rotating parts (being caught in or between). Possible exposure to asbestos.
Exposure to noise.
Dealing with hostile customers
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What are some preventive measures for mechanics?
 Keep tools and equipment in good working order.
Work safely with chemicals and related products.
 Use appropriate personal protective equipment for the task, including footwear.
 Keep work areas clear of clutter and equipment.
Avoid awkward positions, and repetitive tasks, or take frequent breaks.
 Learn safe lifting techniques.
 Follow a recommended shift work pattern, and know the associated hazards.
Inspect work area before work starts to identify potential hazards and their controls.
 Follow workplace policies and procedures relating to preventing workplace violence
and harassment

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Thank you

Tahif
TY Optometry
GMC
T

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