REFERENCE

Definition of Reference

Reference refers to the situation where the

identify of an item can be retrieved from
either within or outside the text.
 Anaphoric Reference

Anaphoric reference is where a word or phrase refers

back to another word or phrase used earlier in a text.

Example: Jennie didn’t come to the party yesterday

because she was sick.

 Cataphoric Reference

Cataphoric reference describes an item which refers forward

to another word or phrase which is used later in the text.

Example: When he arrived, Jimmy noticed that the door was

open.
 Exophoric Reference

Exophoric reference looks outside the text to the situation in which the

text occurs for the identity of the item being referred to.

Example: Customer: What kind of book would you say this is? Where

would you put it on your bookshelves?

 Homophoric Reference

A homophoric reference is a generic phrase that obtains a specific

meaning through knowledge of its context.

Example: If a person says “The earth is round”, then all people should

notice it and they should know which earth being talked about since we

live in the only earth.

 Comparative and Bridging
Reference
Comparative reference is indirect reference by means of identity or

similarity. Personal reference items are those which refer to their

referents by specifying their function in the speech situation, using

nouns and pronouns.

Example: It’s the same cat as the one we saw yesterday.

 Comparative and Bridging
Reference
Bridging reference refers to the relationship between a linguistic expression and its

intended referent not explicitly mentioned in previous context.

Example: John went walking at noon. The park was beautiful.

It is not explicitly stated that John went walking in the park, the natural

assumption is that he did, and that the park referred to in the second part of the

utterance is the one where John went walking.

Thank
You