Directions: Read the text below and answer the

questions in a separate sheet of paper.

Most people don’t get enough sleep. We are a society that burns
the candle at both ends, a nation where people stay up all night to
study, work, or have fun. However, going without adequate sleep
carries with it both short- and long-term consequences. In the
short term, a lack of adequate sleep can affect judgment, mood,
ability to learn and retain information, and may increase the
risk of serious accidents and injury. In the long term, chronic
sleep deprivation may lead to a host of health problems including
obesity, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and even early mortality.
1. What is the main argument discussed in
the text?
2. What are the reasons presented to
support the main claim?
3. Do you agree with the statement above?
 Gathers Manifestoes and
Analyzes the Arguments Used
by the Writer/s
 What is manifesto?
A written statement declaring
publicly the intentions,
motives, or views of its issuer
 Major Categories
of Manifesto Characteristics

A goal can be a manifesto when we share it with

other people. It’s public, it’s a declaration and it’s
1. Goal about what one intends to have happened.

A manifesto containing set of rules for behaving within a

specific context or a list of items to be achieved or tasks to
2. List and Rules be fulfilled.

This type of manifesto aims to create a new world. It’s not about simple rules,
instead, it presents a vision for the future. A solemn declaration by the
constituted authorities of a nation which contains the reason for its public acts
3. World towards another. On the declaration of war, a manifesto is usually issued in
which the nation declaring war states the reasons for so doing.
What is the purpose of manifesto?
• usually accepts a previously published
opinion or public consensus or promotes a
new idea with prescreptive notions for
carrying out changes the author believes
should be made.
• It often is political, social or artistic in
nature, sometimes revolutionary, but may
prevent an individual’s life stance.
 Argumentative Writing
A kind of writing where the students
establish a position in a given topic and
then use evidence to persuade the
audience to see things from their point
of view.
Argumentative writing aligns with a
stance but does not intend to persuade
the audience to make an emotional
decision.
Argumentative writing is collecting and
presenting evidence, allowing the reader
to make an informed decision regarding
the topic.
- basic way to think about your
thesis and arguments is the
formula “claim + reasons.” A claim
by itself is not an argumentative
thesis—you need to put forth your
reasons as well.
ANALYZING SUPPORTING EVIDENCE
Direction: In analyzing an issue and developing an argument,
supporting evidence is a significant factor. Arrange the jumbled letters
to form a word/s that connects to supporting evidence.

1.TSASITCITS
2.NI-PDEHT UTSSIDE
3.RUCTERN SEUSSI
4.CSOARHLYL RTACISEL
5.LYAANESS
Graphic Visual Aids
• PowerPoint (or equivalent)
• Overhead projector
slides/transparencies
• White or black board
• Paper handouts
• Flip chart
• Video (DVD or VHS)
Description
_______________________
_______________________
_______________________
_______________________
_______________________
_______________________
________________________
________________________
General Direction:Read each itemcarefully. Write the chosen
letter on a 1/2 SHEET of paper.
Choose the letter of the best answer.
1.This refers to a published declaration of the
intentions, motives, or views of the issuer, be it an
individual, group, political party or government.
a.Law
b.Texts
c.Manifesto
d.Arguments
2. This is a kind of writing where the students
establishes a position in a given topic and then uses
evidence to persuade the audience to see things
from his/her point of view.
a.Academic text
b.Literary Writing
c.Argumentative writing
d.Comprehensive Writing
3.In academic writing, this is usually a main
idea, often called a “claim” or “thesis
statement,” backed up with evidence that
supports the idea.
a.concept
b.question
c.research
d.argument
4.In analyzing an issue and developing an
argument, the following may be included as
supporting evidence EXCEPT;
a.diaries
b.current issues
c.in-depth studies
d.position papers and analyses
5.The following are the things to do to write a great
argument, EXCEPT;
a.make a diary of events
b.make an educated stance
c.investigate several sides of the argument
d.collect evidence, including facts, statistics, and
claims
True or False
Directions:Write True if the statement is correct; False if it is wrong. Write
your answer on the space provided before each number.
_____1. In argumentative writing, a writer present an argument which is
backed up with pictures.
_____2. Argumentative writing gives both sides of the argument.
_____3. Claim refers to the writers position on an issue.
_____ 4. Forming and communicating claims on a certain issue supported by
reasonable arguments and properly-cited factual evidences is a fundamental
aspect in an argumentation.
_____5. Manifestoes help you organize your stand on an issue and convince
the people to change their mind about things which many of them are pretty
firm about
Write your argument or claim on the given issue.
Support this by gathering some manifestoes and
analyzing the arguments used by the writer/s.

Should a woman be involved in political

affairs of the nation?
• Stand -viewpoint
• Claims - these are statements that support the
author’s stand; ARGUMENT
• Evidences-these are proofs or evidences to
strengthen the author’s claim
• Fallacy -an error in reasoning which weakens
an argument
• Counterclaims –arguments opposing a stand
“Which would you
follow, the decision
that your mind is saying
or the choice that your
heart is dictating”
In this case whichever your
choice, you have to defend
it with reasonable
arguments and factual
evidences.
 Claim/Argument
Stand
the main
argument of Credible Source
WHAT YOU an essay
BELIEVED IN, one where you
POINT OF VIEW, can trust the
STANCE information that
the source
provides
TOPIC HAVE CELLPHONES AND SOCIAL
MEDIA MADE FAMILIES CLOSER
TOGETHER OR NOT?
STAND/POSITION

EXPLANATION

EVIDENCE

CONCLUSION
 WRITING A POSITION PAPER
- position paper presents the writer’s stand or
viewpoint on a particular issue. Writing a position
paper entails outlining arguments and proposing the
course of action.
The main objective of writing a position paper is to
take part in a larger debate by stating your arguments
and proposed course of action.
 Parts of a Position Paper
Introduction - introduce the issue, provide history or background of
the issue on hand.Provide general statement of your stand through
a thesis statement.
Body - state your arguments on your stand about the issue. Provide
strong evidence (statistics, interviews with experts, testimonies).
Provide counter arguments against possible weaknesses of your
arguments.
Conclusion - restate your claim or stand of an issue. Suggest a course
of action. End with a powerful call for action (quotation, challenge or
question).
Writing a Position Paper and Defending a
Stance on an Issue
Supporting Evidences
Factual Knowledge – information that is verifiable and agreed
upon by almost everyone 
Statistical Inferences – interpretation and examples of an
accumulation of facts 
Informed Opinion – opinion developed through research
and/or expertise of the claim 
Personal Testimony – personal experience related by a
knowledgeable party
In every claim, there is always a counterclaim.
A counterclaim is just the opposite of a claim.
When your claim says, “I want a new
cellphone.” But then your Mother said, “'No,
you don't.” This is your mom's counterclaim.
Counterclaims are also provable and
supportable by reasons and evidence. Just
when your Mother proves by saying, ’Your
current situation does not require a new cell
phone.
II. Body (the
arguments/reasons)
A. Argument #1 of your claims
1. Give your opinion
2. Provide supporting evidence
B. Argument #2 of your
claims
1. Give your opinion.
2. Provide support evidence.
C. Argument #3 of your claims
1. Give your opinion.
2. Provide support evidence.
D. Provide counterarguments
against possible weaknesses of your
arguments
IV. Conclusion
A. Restate your argument.
B. Provide a plan of
action.
 Position Paper Outline
Introduction
A. Introduce the issue.
B. Provide background on the issue.
C. Provide thesis statement on your
stand of the issue.
 How to Write Position Paper
• Choose your topic: Select a topic that you are
passionate about or have knowledge of. It could be
related to social, economic, environmental, political, or
any other issues.

• Research: Conduct thorough research on the topic to

gather relevant information and supporting evidence.
This could include reading scholarly articles, reports,
books, and news articles.
• Define your position: Once you have gathered
sufficient information, identify the main
arguments and formulate your position.
Consider both the pros and cons of the issue.
• Write an introduction: Start your position
paper with a brief introduction that provides
some background information on the topic and
highlights the key points that you will discuss in
the paper.
• Present your arguments: In the body of your
paper, present your arguments in a logical and
coherent manner. Each argument should be
supported by evidence from your research.
• Address opposing views: Acknowledge and
address the opposing views on the issue.
Provide counterarguments that refute these
views and explain why your position is more
valid.
• Conclusion: In the conclusion, summarize
your main points and reiterate your position
on the topic. You can also suggest some
solutions or actions that can be taken to
address the issue.
• Edit and proofread: Finally, edit and
proofread your position paper to ensure that
it is well-written, clear, and free of errors.
 Purpose of Position Paper
• Advocacy: Position papers are often used to promote a
particular point of view or to advocate for a specific policy or
action.
• Debate: In a debate, participants are often required to write
position papers outlining their argument. These papers help
the debaters clarify their position and provide evidence to
support their claims.
• Negotiation: Position papers can be used as part of
negotiations to establish each party’s position on a particular
issue
Write a position paper based on the scenario given.
Follow the format you have learned from this lesson.

The student council is petitioning to prepare an arts

festival in your school, but the administration is
reluctant to agree to the plan because it involves
taking two days off the students’ normal classes. As
one of the organizers, you are tasked to write a
position paper which argues your stand for the
establishment of the activity to the administration.
• Education: Position papers can be used to educate the
public, policymakers, and other stakeholders about
complex issues by presenting a clear and concise argument
supported by evidence.
• Decision-making: Position papers can be used by decision-
makers to make informed decisions about policies,
programs, or initiatives based on a well-reasoned
argument.
• Research: Position papers can be used as a starting point
for further research on a particular topic or issue