INORGANIC AND ANALYTICAL

CHEMISTRY

FALL 2023
LECTURE 1
Professor: Jorge Ona-Ruales, Ph.D.
Email: Jorge.onaruales@nu.edu.kz
SCHEDULE
Introduction to Chemistry
The study of:
 the composition of matter
 the changes that matter undergoes
The 5 Traditional Branches of Chemistry

 Inorganic
 Organic
 Analytical
 Physical
 Biochemical
Inorganic Chemistry
 The study of chemicals that do not contain
carbon. “An inorganic molecule is a chemical
species that generally does not fit in the
classification schemes for organic,
organometallic, or coordination compounds.”

IF7, Iodine Heptafluoride

Organic Chemistry
 The study of chemicals that contain
carbon.
 Origin: study of chemicals in living
organisms.

Hexabenzocoronene
Analytical Chemistry
 Focused on the quantitative and
qualitative composition of matter;
measurement, to identify
compounds/components

Example of analytical
technique:
Mass Spectrometer
and
Gas Chromatograph
Physical Chemistry
 The study of :
 The mechanisms
 The rates
 The energy transfers that happens when the
matter undergoes change.
 Study of the interaction between two elements
 Study of properties and changes of matter and
energy
Biochemical
 Study of processes that take place in
organisms.
 Understand the structure of matter
found in the human body and the
chemical changes that occur in cells
The Scientific Method
 Steps followed during scientific
investigations in all sciences
including chemistry, physics,
geology, etc.
 Logical, problem solving technique
 Fathers of the scientific method
were Galileo Galilei and Francis
Bacon
Steps of the Scientific Method

The Scientific Method has five basic steps:

Scientific Method
 Observation- recognition of a problem
 Visible or provable fact
 From that question arises (problem statement)
 Problem statement is a question that compares
variables
 Example: Does the amount of salt in water affect the
boiling temperature of water?
Scientific Method
 Hypothesis- a proposed explanation of an
observation
 an educated guess
 must be testable
 It is a statement NOT a question that expresses the
expected answer to the problem statement (what you
think the results of the experiment will show)
 If you increase the amount of salt added to the water,
the boiling temperature will also increase because
Scientific Method
 Experiment- an organized procedure used to test
a hypothesis (measurement, data collection,
manipulated and responding variables)
 Planned way to test the hypothesis and find out the
answer to the problem posed
 Way to collect data and determine the value of the
dependent variable
 Compares independent variable to the dependent
variable
 Can only test one dependent variable at a time
Scientific Method
 Three parts of an experiment
 Control-standard for comparison
 Variables
 Independent Variable
 Dependent Variable
 Constant parts of your experiment. The
constants do not change!
Scientific Method
 Independent Variable
 A variable that changes unrelated to other factors
 A variable we manipulate, change, on purpose
 A variable whose value we know before we start an
experiment
 Example: Does the amount of salt in water affect the
boiling temperature of water? We know how much salt
we add to each amount of water before boiling so
amount of salt is the independent variable
Scientific Method
 Dependent Variable
 A variable that changes depending on some other
factors
 The variable we are trying to find out
 Variable whose value we do not know before we start
the experiment
 Example: Does the amount of salt in water affect the
boiling temperature of water? We do not know the
boiling temperature of water once salt is added; must
test to find this out
Scientific Method
 Constants
 Does not change for the duration of the
experiment
 Remains the same
 Example: Does the amount of salt in water
affect the boiling temperature of water? We
would not change the brand of salt or the
amount of water (or type of water)
Scientific Method
 Analyze
 Look for patterns in experimental data
 Two types of data
 Quantitative = numbers
 Qualitative = observations
Scientific Method
 Analyze
 Data presented via tables or graphs
 Examples of types of graphs: circle (pie), bar, line
Scientific Method
The cafeteria wanted to
collect data on how
much milk was sold in
one week (only Day Chocolate Strawberry White

weekdays). The table Monday

Tuesday
53
72
78
97
126
87
shows the results. We Wednesday 112 73 86
Thursday 33 78 143
are going to take this Friday 76 47 162

data and display it in

three different types
of graphs.
Scientific Method
 Bar Graph
 A bar graph is used to
show relationships Chocolate Milk Sold
between groups.
120
 The two items being 100
112

compared do not need to

Amount Sold
80 76

affect each other.

72

60 53

 It's a fast way to show 40 33

big differences. Notice 20

how easy it is to read a 0

Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday
bar graph. Monday
Wednesday
Tuesday
Thursday Day

 Often used for counting. Friday

Scientific Method
 Circle graph (a.k.a.
pie chart)
 Used to show how a Chocolate Milk Sold

part of something
relates to the whole. 15.3%
22.0% Monday
 This kind of graph is Tuesday
20.8%
needed to show 9.5%
Wednesday
Thursday

percentages 32.4% Friday

effectively.
 Sum of parts is 1 or
100%
Scientific Method
 Line Graph
 A line graph is used to
show continuing data; Chocolate Milk Sold

how one thing is

120

100

affected by another. 80

Amount Sold
 It's clear to see how 60

things are going by the 40

20

rises and falls a line 0

graph shows.
Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday

Day

Chocolate
 Equation of line
represents the data.
Scientific Method
 Choosing the right graph for your data
 Use a bar graph if you are not looking for trends (or
patterns) over time; and the items (or categories) are
not parts of a whole.
 Use a pie chart if you need to compare different parts of
a whole, there is no time involved and there are not too
many items (or categories).
 Use a line graph if you need to see how a quantity has
changed over time. Line graphs enable us to find
trends (or patterns) over time.
Steps of the Scientific Method

The Scientific Method has five basic steps:

Scientific Method (Additional Steps)
 Conclusion
 Present the findings of the experiment, what
the data shows, the hypothesis and whether or
not it was correct (supported) or incorrect
(negated)
 Theorize why the observed pattern follows a
certain behavior
Scientific Method (Additional Steps)
 Communicate
 When scientists collaborate (work together)
and communicate, they increase the likelihood
of a successful outcome
 Journals
 Internet
 Posters
 Presentations/Speeches
Observations vs. Inferences
 Observation
 Something you confirm, something you have
seen, a fact
 A piece of information about circumstances
that exists or events that have occurred
 Inference
 An abstract or general idea derived from
specific instances
 Idea, thought, concept, notion, opinion
Theory
 A well tested explanation for a broad set of
observations.
 May use models.
 May allow predictions.
 Theories may change to explain new
observations or experimental data.
Law
 A statement that summarizes results of
observations, i.e., the relationship between
variables but does not explain them.
 Concise statement that summarizes the
results of many observations and
experiments
 It changes or it is abandoned when
contradicted by new experiments.
Measurement, Uncertainty and
Significant Figures
Measurement and Uncertainty
 All measurements have uncertainty
because...
 All measurement involves estimation;
 The precision of the instruments limits our ability
to estimate.

 When reporting a measured value,

 Include all certain digits and ONE estimated
digit.
 All certain digits plus one estimated digit are
called significant digits or significant figures.
Reading Scales

6.83 +0.01 6.82 +0.02

Uncertainty – Limit of precision of

the reading (based on the precision
of the scale and your ability to
estimate the final digit).
6.85 +0.05
How long is it?
(1) Left:
1.4 in +0.1 in

Right:
1.47 in +0.01 in

 For each of the rulers, give the correct length

measurement for the steel pellet. Indicate
uncertainty by adding +.
Read thermometers in °C

(2)

(3) 1.55 °C + 0.05 °C

30.0 °C + 0.1 °C (4) 19.3 °C + 0.1 °C

Reading Graduated Cylinders
 Use the BOTTOM of the
meniscus (the curved interface
between air and liquid) as a point
of reference in making
measurements of volume in a
graduated cylinder, pipet, or buret.
 In reading any scale, your line of
sight should be perpendicular to
the scale to avoid 'parallax' reading
errors.

5.73 mL + 0.01 mL (5)

(6) (7)

3.0 mL + 0.1 mL 0.34 mL + 0.01 mL