INORGANIC AND ANALYTICAL

CHEMISTRY

FALL 2023
LECTURE 5
 Atomic
Structure

• All matter is composed

of atoms.
• Understanding the
structure of atoms is
critical to
understanding the
properties of matter
• Electrons
• Protons
• Neutrons
 HISTORY OF THE ATOM

1808 John Dalton

He suggested that all matter was made up of

tiny spheres that were able to bounce around

with perfect elasticity and called them

ATOMS
 DALTONS ATOMIC THEORY

16 X + 8Y 8 X2Y
3)
Compounds
1) All matter 2) All atoms are formed
is made of of a given by a 4) A chemical
atoms. Atoms element are combination reaction is a
are indivisible identical in of two or rearrangeme
and mass and more nt of atoms.
indestructible properties different
.
kinds of
atoms.
 HISTORY OF THE ATOM

1898 Joseph John Thompson

He found that atoms could sometimes eject a

far smaller negative particle which he called an

ELECTRON
Establishment of the charge of electrons:
Cathode ray tube (CRT) Experiment
• Cathode ray generates electron beam
• There is a deflection of electron beam in the presence of
external field
• The deflection is away from the negative terminal
• There is an attraction to the positive terminal
• Implies the electron carries a negative charge

× 1011 C/kg
Millikan Oil Drop Experiment to measure
magnitude electron charge
The observation of the behavior of electron charge
in oil allowed Millikan to determine the magnitude
of the electron charge

Atomizer
·· · · · ·
··
·
·
(+) ·
(OFF)
Ionizing · Telescope
radiation ·
·
(–) ·
Millikan Oil Drop Experiment to measure
magnitude electron charge

Switched on the Ionizing Radiation

Atomizer
·· · · · ·
··
·
·
(+) ·· ·· ·
Ionizing Telescope
(ON - radiation
STRONG) REPULSION
(–)
 Millikan Oil Drop Experiment to measure
magnitude electron charge

Switched on the Ionizing Radiation

Atomizer
·· · · · ·
··
·
·
(+) · ·
(ON -
Ionizing
radiation
· Telescope

WEAKER) ··
(–)
By comparing the behavior of the ionized vs. unionized particles as a fn. of
time, and using the charge of electron AND the charge-to-mass found by
Thomson => the mass of the electron was determined (9.11 x 10-31 kg)
 HISTORY OF THE ATOM
1910 Ernest Rutherford

He supervised Geiger and Marsden carrying out his

famous experiment (every atom has a nucleus with a
positive charge).
They fired Helium located in a piece of gold foil
which was only a few atoms thick.
They found that although most of them passed
through, about 1 in 10,000 hit.

PROTON
 Discovery of Proton
Rutherford discovered proton in his gold foil experiment:

Gold Foil Experiment

Rutherford bombarded a beam of alpha particles on an ultrathin gold foil and
then detected the scattered alpha particles in zinc sulfide (ZnS) screen.

Results
1.Most of the particles pass through the foil without
any deflection.
2.Some of the alpha particles deflect at small angle.
3.Very few even bounce back (1 in 20,000).
 Conclusions
Based on his observations, Rutherford proposed
the following structural features of an atom:

• Most of the atom’s mass and its entire positive

charge are confined in a small core, called
nucleus. The positively charged particle was
called a proton.
• Most of the volume of the atom is empty space.
• The number of negatively charged electrons
dispersed outside the nucleus is same as
number of positively charged in the nucleus. It
explains the overall neutrality of an atom.
Plum Pudding model of an atom
Results of foil experiment if Plum
Pudding model had been correct

Minimum deviation expected

Actual Results

Large deviation observed

 HISTORY OF THE ATOM
1932 James Chadwick

Scientists soon realized that the atomic

model offered by Rutherford was not
complete. Various experiments showed
that mass of the nucleus is approximately
twice than the number of proton. What is
the origin of this additional mass?
Rutherford postulated the existence of
some neutral particle having mass similar
to proton but there was no direct
experimental evidence.

NEUTRON
 Experiments and Conclusions

Since at that point, it was

theorized the presence of
particle with zero charged in
the nucleus, Chadwick
perform experiments with the
goal of looking for a neutral
charged particle.

• To prove this hypothesis, he bombarded beryllium (Be)

atoms with alpha particles (positively charged) and
produced a radiation with neutral charges and the
approximate mass of a proton.
• He used experimental data from scattering and calculate
the mass of this neutral particle.
• This particle was named as neutron.
Rutherford’s Model of the Atom

atomic radius ~ 100 pm = 1 x 10-10 m

nuclear radius ~ 5 x 10-3 pm = 5 x 10-15 m
 Atomic
Structure
• Atoms are composed of
-protons – positively charged
particles
-neutrons – neutral particles
-electrons – negatively
charged particles
• Protons and neutrons are located
in the nucleus. Electrons are
found in orbitals surrounding the
nucleus.
 Subatomic Particles

mass p = mass n = 1840 x mass e-

 Atomic Structure
• Every different atom has a characteristic number of
protons in the nucleus.
atomic number = number of protons
• Atoms with the same atomic number have the same
chemical properties and belong to the same element.

HELIUM ATOM
 Atomic Structure
Each proton and neutron has a mass of
approximately 1 dalton.

The sum of protons and neutrons is the

atom’s atomic mass.

Isotopes – atoms of the same element

that have different atomic mass numbers
due to different numbers of neutrons.
 Atomic Structure
Neutral atoms have the same
number of protons and electrons.

Ions are charged atoms.

-cations – have more protons than
electrons and are positively charged
-anions – have more electrons than
protons and are negatively charged
An ion is formed when an atom, or group of atoms, has a
net positive or negative charge

If a neutral atom looses one or more electrons it becomes

a cation

11 protons 11 protons
Na 11 electrons Na +
10 electrons

If a neutral atom gains one or more electrons it becomes

an anion

17 protons 17 protons
Cl 17 electrons Cl -
18 electrons