Data Base Management System & Oracle

Paper V
PGDCS&A

By Rupa Patel
Lecturer, MCA dept.
GHRIIT, Nagpur.
UNIT III -SQL
CODD’s Rules, oracle database objects, Sub Languages of SQL,
data Types, Operators.
DDL Statements : Creating tables, Deriving Table from Existing
table, Altering, Dropping Tables, Integrity
Constraints,Specifying Names for the constraints,Viewing
Integrity constraints,adding & Dropping Constraints.
DML Statements : SELECT statement,Insert,update,Delete,&
Synonyms.
Functions : Arithmetic,Date,Character,Cobnversions.Single
row,Aggregate,Decode,Joins,Set operators & Sub queries.
DCL & TCL Statements : Grant,Revoke,Commit,Rollback &
Savepoints.

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Operators
 Operators are used in expressions or conditional
statements.
 An operator manipulates individual data items and
returns a result.
 The data items are called operands or arguments.
 Operators are represented by special characters or
by keywords.
 For example, the multiplication operator is
represented by an asterisk (*) and the operator that
tests for nulls is represented by the keywords IS
NULL.

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Operators
 Arithmetic operators
 Comparison operators
 Logical operators
 Set operators
 Concatenation operators
 Assignment Operators
 Date Operators
 Other Built in operators
 User defined operators

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1. Arithmetic Operators
Operator Description operation Example

+ Addition <numeric_value> + <numeric_value> SELECT 100 + 10 FROM dual;

- Subtraction <numeric_value> - <numeric_value> SELECT 100 - 10 FROM dual;

* Multiplicatio <numeric_value> * <numeric_value> SELECT 100 * 10 FROM dual;

n
/ Division <numeric_value> / <numeric_value> SELECT 100 / 10 FROM dual;

** Exponentiatio <numeric_value> ** set serveroutput on

n <numeric_value> ;
BEGIN
dbms_output.put_line('2 to the
5th is ' || TO_CHAR(2**5));
END;
/
() Enclosed
operation

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Arithmetic Operator

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2.Comparison operators
!= Not Equal

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Other Comparison Operators

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Comparison operators

 SELECT * FROM emp WHERE sal = 1500;

 SELECT * FROM emp WHERE sal != 1500;
 SELECT * FROM emp WHERE sal > 1500;
 SELECT * FROM emp WHERE sal < 1500;
 SELECT * FROM emp WHERE sal >= 1500;
 SELECT * FROM emp WHERE sal <= 1500;

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Comparison operators : Between

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Comparison operators :IN

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Comparison operators : Like
Wildcard Characters
 Single Character :- _ (underscore)
 Multiple Characters :- *
 CREATE TABLE wildcard (test VARCHAR2(25));
INSERT INTO wildcard VALUES ('2345');
INSERT INTO wildcard VALUES ('2365');
INSERT INTO wildcard VALUES ('Daniel Morgan');
INSERT INTO wildcard VALUES ('Washington');
COMMIT;

Single Character
SELECT * FROM wildcard WHERE test LIKE '23_5';

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Comparison operators: IS NULL

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Comparison operators : Like

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Wildcard Characters

 Multiple Characters :
';
SELECT * FROM wildcard WHERE test LIKE '2%5

 Mixed Single And Multiple Characters

SELECT *FROM wildcardWHERE test LIKE '_3%5';

 Complex Statement
SELECT * FROM wildcard WHERE test LIKE '%a%a %';

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3. Logical Operators

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Logical Operators : OR ,NOT

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4.Concatenation Operator

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5.Set Operators
Operator Returns

UNION All rows selected BY either

Query

UNION ALL All rows selected BY either

Query, including duplicates

INTERSECT ALL distinct rows selected

by both queries

MINUS ALL distinct rows selected

by first query but not by
second

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6.Assignment Operator
 <variable> := <value>
set serveroutput on

DECLARE
x VARCHAR2(1) := 'A';
BEGIN
dbms_output.put_line(x);

x := 'B';
dbms_output.put_line(x);
END;
/

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7.Date Operators

 Addition
SELECT <date_value> + <numeric_value>

SELECT SYSDATE + 10 FROM dual;

Subtraction
SELECT <date_value> - <date_value>

SELECT SYSDATE - 10 FROM dual;

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8.Other Built-In Operators
 Operator : +
 Purpose : Indicates that the preceding column is the outer
join column in a join.
 Example
SELECT ename, dname FROM emp, dept WHERE dept.deptno
= emp.deptno(+);

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9.User-Defined Operators
 Like built-in operators, user-defined operators take a set of
operands as input and return a result. However, you create
them with the CREATE OPERATOR statement, and they are
identified by names (e.g., MERGE). They reside in the same
namespace as tables, views, types, and stand-alone functions.

 Once you have defined a new operator, you can use it in SQL
statements like any other built-in operator. For example, you
can use user-defined operators in the select list of a SELECT
statement, the condition of a WHERE clause, or in ORDER
BY clauses and GROUP BY clauses. However, you must have
EXECUTE privilege on the operator to do so, because it is a
user-defined object.

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 Operators are used in expressions or
conditional statements. they show equality,
inequality, or a combination of both.
Mathematical operators are found in every
computer language and may be familiar to
you. SQL operators follow the same rules you
may have learned in a math class or know
from previous programming experience.

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