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Datacollectionin Statistics Week 2-3
Datacollectionin Statistics Week 2-3
Presented By:
Dr.Deepthi Athuluru
Dept. of Public Health Dentistry
DATA
• A dictionary defines data
as facts or figures from
which conclusions may
• be drawn. recording of
A collective observations either
numerical or otherwise is called data
Statistics is a tool for converting data
into
Statistics
informati
Data
Data on Information
• Direct Observation
• Experiments, and
• Surveys.
Methods
Mailing paper questionnaire to respondents,
s and mail them back
who fill them out
Having interviewers call to respondents on
thetelephone and ask them the question in a
telephone interview
• Sending the interviewers to the
respondent’s home or office to administer
the questions in face-to-face interviews
Depending upon the nature of the
variable data is classified into 2
broad categories
• Qualitative Data
• Quantitative Data:-
1. discrete
2. continuous
• Qualitative data :-
(characterized by words)
• Discrete data :-
when the variable under observation
takes only fixed values like whole numbers.
• Continuous data :-
if the variable can take any value in a
given range, decimal or fractional.
Quantitative: numbers breadth generalizability
Qualitative: words depth specific
• Questioning
Data domains
Cognitive -- paper and pencil
Affective -- interview
Psychomotor -- observation
Data Presentation
1970 5015
1975 5293
1980 5484
1985 7284
1990 18,981
• Classification by Space :-
Number of Literates in Rural and Urban Areas in India (state wise list).
1970 5015
1975 5293
1980 5484
1985 7284
1990 18,981
• Classification by attribute :-
1) When the data represent observations made
on a qualitative characteristic the classification in
such a case is made according to this qualities.
Tuberculoid 604
Lepromatous 272
Indeterminate 72
Borderline 48
TOTAL 996
Classification by the size of observations :-
1. when the data represent observations of
some characteristic on a numerical scale,
classification is made on the basis of the individual
observations.
1. Histogram
2. Frequency polygon
3. Frequency curve
4. Line graph
5. Scatter or dot
diagram
Presentation of qualitative data is
through diagrams, the common
diagrams in use are:-
1. Bar diagram
2. Pie/sector diagram
3. Pictogram or picture diagram
4. Map diagram or spot map
Line diagram:
• This diagram is useful to study changes of
values in the variable overtime.
• Simplest type of diagram.
• On the X axis the time such as hours, days,
weeks, months or years are represented.
• The value of any quantity pertaining to this is
represented along the Y axis.
OP
500
450
467
400
380 400 402
367
0
346
NO OF OUT-PATIENT
350
300 300 38 289
354
250
200 250 265
150
100
50
0
Nov-06
Feb-06
Aug-06
Apr-06
May-06
Dec-06
Sep-06
Jun-06
Jan-06
Oct-06
Jul-06
Mar-06
Frequency polygon:
of the bars.
and smoother.
Construction of frequency polygon:
1. To draw a frequency polygon, A point is marked in
the midpoint of the class interval, corresponding to
the frequency.
2. Then these points are connected by straight lines.
3. The first point and last point are joined to the
midpoint of previous and next class respectively.
4. Rather than leaving the graph suspended in space ,
we assume that there is another interval above and
below which is having frequency of 0 .
5. so the midpoint of group are assume having
frequency of 0.the group is now allowed to meet x-
axis on both the ends.
Advantages of frequency polygon:
300 265
250
250
200
150
100
50
0
Oct-06
Nov-06
Feb-06
Jun-06
Jul-06
Jan-06
Aug-06
Dec-06
Sep-06
May-06
Apr-06
Mar-06
• Multiple bar:
1 This diagram is used to compare qualitative data with
. respect to a single variable.
2. This diagram is similar to the bar diagram except
that for each category of the variable we have a set of
bars of the same width corresponding to the different
section without any gap in between the width and the
length corresponds to the frequency.
OP
467
IP
500
450
400
402
380
380
367
400
354
346
350
300
289
265
300
250
250
PATIENT
NO OF
200
154
120
150
102
90
86
78
100
70
67
60
59
48
45
50
0
Nov-06
Feb-06
Aug-06
Apr-06
May-06
Dec-06
Sep-06
Jun-06
Jan-06
Oct-06
Mar-06
Jul-06
Component bar diagram:
• This diagram is used to represent qualitative
data.
• It is desired to represent both the no of cases
in
major groups as well as the
subgroups simultaneously
Histogram:
this diagram is used to
depict quantitative
data
1. It is a
bar diagram
without ga between
bars. p frequencies
2. If we draw
of each group or class
intervals in the form of
columns or rectangles
such a diagram is called
histogram.
3. It represents a frequency
distribution.
The histogram is constructed as follows:
1. On the X axis the size of the observation is marked.
Easy to understand
Disadvantages of Histogram: