Science SEA: Sound

Name: Gaurav Gouniyal Roll no. 13 Class: 9th

Name: Devang Chaudhary Rol no. 6 Teacher: Jignash Sir
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TOPIC:
Propagation of Sound.
Production of sound.
Sound waves are longitudinal waves.

LET US START………
 INFORMATION ABOUT PROPAGATION

The Propagation of sound

Sound is a sequence of waves of pressure which propagates through compressible
media such as air or water. (Sound can propagate through solids as well, but there
are additional modes of propagation). During their propagation, waves can be
reflected, refracted, or attenuated by the medium .
• All media have three properties which affect the behavior of sound propagation:

 A relationship between density and pressure. This relationship, affected by temperature,

determines the speed of sound within the medium.
 The motion of the medium itself, e.g., wind. Independent of the motion of sound through the
medium, if the medium is moving, the sound is further transported.
 The viscosity of the medium. This determines the rate at which sound is attenuated. For many
media, such as air or water, attenuation due to viscosity is negligible.
 Sound starts from a vibrating object, propagates through a material medium
and then reaches the listeners ears. While propagating through a medium the
sound waves disturb the particles of the medium. In this section we will be
looking at the way in which the particles are disturbed by the propagation of
sound through them.
  Can sound make a light spot
dance?
Take a tin can. Remove both ends to make it a hollow cylinder. Take a balloon and stretch it over the can, then wrap
a rubber band around the balloon. Take a small piece of mirror. Use

a drop of glue to stick the piece of mirror to the balloon. Allow the light through a slit to fall on the mirror. After
reflection the light spot is seen on the wall, as shown in this Fig.

Talk or shout directly into the open end of the can and observe the dancing light spot on the wall. Discuss with
your friends what makes the light spot dance.
 A vibrating object creating a series of compressions (C) and
rarefactions (R) in the medium.

EXAMPLE:
 PRODUCTION OF SOUND

• Sound is produced when an object vibrates, creating a pressure wave.

This pressure wave causes particles in the surrounding medium (air,
water, or solid) to have vibrational motion. As the particles vibrate, they
move nearby particles, transmitting the sound further through the
medium. The human ear detects sound waves when vibrating air particles
vibrate small parts within the ear.

• In many ways, sound waves are similar to light waves. They both originate
from a definite source and can be distributed or scattered using various
means. Unlike light, sound waves can only travel through a medium, such as
air, glass, or metal there’s no sound in space!
EXAMPLE: Vibrating tuning fork just touching the
suspended table tennis ball.
2: One of the prongs of the vibrating tuning fork
touching the water surface
SOUND WAVES ARE LONGITUDINAL WAVES
Information
• A sound wave is the pattern of disturbance caused by the movement of energy traveling
through a medium (such as air, water or any other liquid or solid matter) as it propagates
away from the source of the sound.

• Sound waves are created by object vibrations and produce pressure waves, for example,
a ringing cellphone. The pressure wave disturbs the particles in the surrounding medium,
and those particles disturb others next to them, and so on.

• The pattern of the disturbance creates outward movement in a wave pattern, like sea
water in the ocean. The wave carries the sound energy through the medium, usually in all
directions and less intensely as it moves farther from the source.

• The idea that sound moves in waves goes back to, at least, the first century B.C. The
Roman architect and engineer Vitruvius and the Roman philosopher Boethius each
theorized that sound may move in waves. The origin of the modern study of sound is
attributed to Galileo Galilei (1564-1642)
Longitudinal waves

• A longitudinal wave is one where all the particles of the medium (such as gas,
liquid or solid) vibrate in the same direction as the wave. Sound waves are
longitudinal waves.

• When longitudinal waves travel through any given medium, they also include
compressions and rarefactions. Compression occurs when particles move
close together creating regions of high pressure. In contrast, rarefactions
occur in low-pressure areas when particles are spread apart from each other.
For example, a vibrating tuning fork creates compressions and rarefactions
as the tines move back and forth.
Transverse waves

• A mechanical wave is transverse when all the particles of the medium, which
are solid or liquid (and never gas), vibrate perpendicularly at right angles, up
and down, and continue to move in the direction of the wave. For example,
the ripples on the surface of a lake are transverse waves. Sound does not
move through transverse waves except in special conditions.
THE END……

THANK YOU