ONE-LUNG VENTILATION(OLV):

TECHNIQUE AND ANAESTHETIC

CONSIDERATIONS

DR SHADAB
INTRODUCTION
One-lung ventilation, OLV, means separation of
the two lungs and each lung functioning
independently by preparation of the airway
 It is the intentional collapse of a lung on the
operative side of the patient which facilitates most
thoracic procedures.
Requires much skill of the anesthesia team
because of
• Difficult to place lung isolation equipment
• Ability to overcome hypoxic pulmonary
vasoconstriction
• Patient population is comparably
• OLV provides:
• Protection of healthy lung from infected/bleeding one
• Diversion of ventilation from damaged airway or lung
• Improved exposure of surgical field
• OLV causes:
• More manipulation of airway, more damage
• Significant physiologic change and easily development of
hypoxemia
• Dependent Lung or Down Lung
– The lung that is ventilated
• Non-dependent Lung or Up Lung
– The lung that is collapsed to facilitate
the surgery
ABSOLUTE INDICATION FOR
OLV
•Isolation of one lung from the other
to avoid spillage or contamination
• Infection
• Massive hemorrhage
•Control of the distribution of
ventilation
• Bronchopleural / - cutaneous fistula
• Surgical opening of a major conducting airway
• giant unilateral lung cyst or bulla
• Tracheobronchial tree disruption
• Life-threatening hypoxemia due to unilateral lung disease
•Unilateral bronchopulmonary lavage
RELATIVE INDICATION
• Surgical exposure ( high priority)
• Thoracic aortic aneurysm
• Pneumonectomy
• Upper lobectomy
• Mediastinal exposure
• Thoracoscopy
• Surgical exposure (low priority)
• Middle and lower lobectomies and subsegmental resections
• Esophageal surgery
• Thoracic spine procedure
• Minimal invasive cardiac surgery (MID-CABG, TMR)
• Postcardiopulmonary bypass status after removal of
totally occluding chronic unilateral pulmonary emboli
• Severe hypoxemia due to unilateral lung disease
 OLV is achieved by either;

-Double lumen ETT (DLT)

-Bronchial blocker

-Endobronchial tube
Double-lumen endotracheal tube, DLT
Single-lumen ET with a built-in bronchial blocker, Univent Tube
Single-lumen ET with an isolated bronchial blocker
Arndt (wire-guided) endobronchial blocker set
Balloon-tipped luminal catheters
Endobronchial intubation of a single-lumen ET
Anatomy of the Tracheobronchial Tree
Features of DLT

RUL, right upper lobe; LUL, left upper lobe

 DLT

• Type:
• Carlens, a left-sided + a carinal hook
• White, a right-sided Carlens tube
• Bryce-Smith, no hook but a slotted cuff/Rt
• Robertshaw, most widely used
• All have two lumina/cuffs, one minating
ter in the trachea and the other in thetem
mains bronchus
• Right-sided or left-sided available
• Available size: 41,39, 37, 35, 28 French
(ID=6.5,
6.0, 5.5, 5.0 and 4.5 mm respectively)
 Left DLT…
• Most commonly used
• The bronchial lumen is longer, and a simple round opening and symmetric cuff
Better margin of safety than Rt DLT
• Easy to apply suction and/or CPAP to either lung
• Easy to deflate lung
• Lower bronchial cuff volumes and pressures
• Can be used
• Left lung isolation: clamp
bronchial + ventilate/
tracheal lumen
• Right lung isolation:
clamp tracheal +
ventilate/bronchial lumen
…Left DLT
• More difficult to insert (size and curve, cuff)
• Risk of tube change and airway damage if kept in
position for post-op ventilation
• Contraindication:
• Presence of lesion along DLT pathway
• Difficult/impossible conventional direct vision
intubation
• Critically ill patients with single lumen tube in situ who
cannot tolerate even a short period of off mechanical
ventilation
• Full stomach or high risk of aspiration
• Patients, too small (<25-35kg) or too young (< 8-12 yrs)
Right DLT: bronchoscopic view
Carlens DLT Robertshaw DLT
Different types of DLT

Carlens White Bryce Smith Robertshaw

lume
n
hoo + + - -
k
L R Lt & Lt &
side
t t Rt Rt
Basic pattern of a Right-Sided DLT
Rt Lt
Lt
passage of the left-sided DLT
guide for Length and Size of DLT
Length of tube , For 170 cm height, tube depth of 29 cm
For every 10 cm height change , 1 cm depth change

Patient characteristics Tube size (Fr gauge)

Tracheal width
( mm): 41
18 39
16 37
15 35
14
Patient 35-37
height 37-39
4’ 6”-5’5” 39-41
5’5”-5’10”
5’11”-6’4” 35
Patient age 32
( year) 28 (lt only)
13-14 26 (lt only)
12
10
 Check Position of Lt -DLT
Checklist for tracheal placement
a. inflate tracheal cuff
b. ventilate rapidly by hand
c. check that both lungs are being
ventilated
d. If not, withdraw 2-3 cm & repeat
Chec klis t for Lt side Chec klis t for Rt side
a. inflate Lt cuff > 2ml a. clamp Lt tube
b. ventilate and check bilateral b. check unilateral (Rt)
breath sounds breath sounds
c.clamp Rt tube
d.check unilateral (Lt) breath
sounds
 Major Malpositions of a Lt- DLT

Lt

Br eath Sounds
Heard
Both cuffs Lef Lef Bot Righ
inflated
t t h t
Clamp Rt lumen
Both cuffs
Righ None / None / None /
inflated
t Very Very Very
Clamp Lt lumen
minimal minimal minimal
Deflate Lt cuff
Bot le Bot Righ
Clamp Lt lumen
h ft h t
DLT
Placement
• Prepare and check tube
• Ensure cuff inflates and deflates
• Lubricate tube
• Insert tube with distal concave curvature
facing anteriorly
• Remove stylet once through the vocal
cords
• Rotate tube 90 degrees (in direction of
desired lung)
• Advancement of tube ceases when resistance
is encountered. Average lip line is 29 ± 2
cm.
• *If a carinal hook is present, must watch hook
go through cords to avoid trauma to them.
DLT
Placement
• Check for placement by auscultation
• Inflate tracheal cuff- expect equal lung ventilation
• Clamp the white side (marked "tracheal" for left-sided tube)
and remove cap from the connector
• Expect some left sided ventilation through bronchial lumen, and some
air leak past bronchial cuff, which is not yet inflated
• Slowly inflate bronchial cuff until minimal or no leak is heard
at uncapped right connector
• Go slow- it only requires 1-3 cc of gas and bronchial rupture is a
risk
• Remove the clamp and replace the cap on the tracheal side
• Check that both lungs are ventilated
• Selectively clamp each side, and expect visible chest movement
and audible breath sounds only on the right when left is
clamped, and vice versa
DLT
Placement
• Checking tube placement with the fiberoptic
bronchoscope
• Several situations exist where auscultation maneuvers are
impossible (patient is prepped and draped), or when they do
not
provide reliable information (preexisting lung disease so that
breath sounds are not very audible, or if the tube is only
slightly malpositioned)
• The double-lumen tube's precise position can be most
reliably determined with the fiberoptic bronchoscope
• In patients with double-lumen tubes whose position seemed
appropriate to auscultations, 48% had some degree
of malposition. So always check position with
fiberoptic
• After advancing the fiberoptic scope thru the “tracheal” tube you
should see the “bronchial blue balloon” in a semi lunar shape,
just peeking out of the bronchus
DLT
Placement
To ensure correct position of DLT clinically :

 breath sounds are

- normal (not diminished) &
- follow the expected unilateral pattern with unilateral clamping

 the chest rises and falls in accordance with the breath sounds

 the ventilated lung feels reasonably compliant

 no leaks are present

respiratory gas moisture appears and disappears with each tidal ventilation
FOB picture of Lt - DLT
FOB picture of Rt DLT
Relationship of FOB Size to Adult DLT

FOB Size (mm) Adult DLT Size Fit of FOB inside DLT
(OD) (French)

5.6 All sizes Does not fit

41 Easy passage
4.9 39 Moderately easy passage
37 Tight fit, need lubricant, hard
35 push
Does not fit
3.6– All sizes Easy passage
4.2
Other Methods to Check DLT Position

 Chest radiograph ;
may be more useful than conventional auscultation and clamping in some
patients, but it is always less precise than FOB. The DLT must have
radiopaque markers at the end of Rt and Lt lumina.

Comparison of capnography;
waveform and ETCO2 from each lumen may reveal a marked discrepancy
(different degree of ventilation).

 Surgeon ;
may be able to palpate, redirect or assist in changing DLT position from
within the chest (by deflecting the DLT away from the wrong lung, etc..).
Adequacy for Sealing (air Bubble test )
 Complications of DLT

impediment to arterial oxygenation for OLV

tracheobronchial tree disruption, due to

-excessive volume and pressure in bronchial balloon
-inappropriate tube size
-malposition

 traumatic laryngitis (hook)

inadvertent suturing of the DLT

to avoid Tracheobronchial tree Disruption ;
1. Be cautious in patients with bronchial wall abnormalities.

2. Pick an appropriately sized tube.

3. Be sure that tube is not malpositioned ; Use FOB.

4. Avoid overinflation of endobronchial cuff.

5. Deflate endobronchial cuff during turning.

6. Inflate endobronchial cuff slowly.

7. Inflate endobronchial cuff with inspired gases.

8. Do not allow tube to move during turning.

Relative Contraindications to Use of DLT
 full stomach (risk of aspiration);

 lesion (stricture, tumor) along pathway of DLT (may be traumatized);

 small patients;

anticipated difficult intubation;

extremely critically ill patients who have a single-lumen tube already in place and
who will not tolerate being taken off mechanical ventilation and PEEP even for a
short time;

 patients having some combination of these problems.

Under these circumstances , it is still possible to separate the

lungs by :
-using a single-lumen tube + FOB placement of a bronchial
blocker ; or
Advantage
s
 Relatively easy to place
 Allow conversion back and forth from OLV to two-
lung ventilation
 Allow suctioning of both lungs individually
 Allow CPAP to be applied to the non-dependent
lung
 Allow PEEP to be applied to the dependent lung

 Ability to ventilate around scope in the tube

Another indication for DLT:
Reexpansion pulmonary edema
Disadvantage
s
• Cannot take patient to PACU or the Unit
• Must be changed out for a regular ETT if post-op ventilation
• Correct positioning is dependent on appropriate size for
height of patient
• Length of trachea
Bronchial Blockers
(With Single-Lumen Endotracheal Tubes)

 Lung separation can be effectively achieved with the use of a

single-lumen endotracheal tube and a FOB placed bronchial
blocker.

 Often necessary in children as DLTs are too large to be used in

them. The smallest DLT available is a left-sided 26 Fr tube,
which may be used in patients 8 -12 years old and weighing 25
-35 kg.

Balloon-tipped luminal catheters have the advantage of

allowing suctioning and injection of oxygen down the central
lumen.
Types of bronchial blockers

 Univent bronchial blocker system

 Arndt endobronchial blocker

 Cohen Flexitip Endobronchial Blocker

 BB independent of a single-lumen tube

Univent bronchial blocker system
Univent
Tubes
Univent
Tubes
• Endotracheal intubation can be performed in the conventional manner,
just like a single lumen endotracheal tube
• One-lung ventilation can be achieved by placement of the blocker to
either the left or right lung, or to lung segments
• Insufflation and CPAP can be achieved through the lumen of the
blocker shaft
• Blocked lung can be collapsed by aspirating air through the lumen of
the blocker shaft
• The blocker can be retracted into its pocket to facilitate post-
operative ventilation
• Improved "torque control" bronchial blocker:
- Easier to direct by twisting than previous nylon catheter
- High torque control malleable shaft for smooth intubation
- Flexible blocker shaft with softer open lumen tip
- Latex-free
 Univent Tube...
• Developed by Dr. Inoue
• Movable blocker shaft in external
lumen of a single-lumen ET tube
• Easier to insert and properly
position than DLT (diff airway, C-s
injury, pedi or critical pts)
• No need to change the tube for
postop ventilation
• Selective blockade of some lobes
of the lung
• Suction and delivery CPAP to the
blocked lung
 ...Univent Tube

• Slow deflation (need suction)

and inflation (short PPV or jet
ventilation)
• Blockage of bronchial blocker
lumen
• Higher endobronchial cuff
volumes +pressure (just-seal
volume recommended)
• Higher rate of intraoperative leak
in the blocker cuff
• Higher failure rate if the blocker
advanced blindly
Univent Tube
 steps of FOB-aided method of positioning the Univent bronchial blocker
in lt main stem bronchus

One- or two-lung ventilation is achieved simply by inflating or deflating, respectively, the bronchial blocker balloon
Indications for Wire-Guided
Endobronchial Blockers vs. DLT
• Critically ill patients
• Rapid sequence induction
• Known and unknown difficult
airway
• Postoperative intubation
• Small adult and pediatric patients
• Obese adults
Advantages of the Univent Bronchial Blocker Tube
( Relative to DLT )

1. Easier to insert and properly position.

2. Can be properly positioned during continuous ventilation and

in the lateral decubitus position.

3.No need to change the tube when turning from the supine to
prone position or for postoperative mechanical ventilation.

4. Selective blockade of some lobes of each lung.

5. Possible to apply CPAP to nonventilated operative lung.

 Advantage
•s
Quickly and precisely navigate the airway
• The guide wire loop couples the pediatric fiberoptic
bronchoscope and the wire-guided endobronchial blocker
• yet both remain able to move independently of each other and the
pediatric fiberoptic bronchoscope may navigate the airway independent
of its role in carrying the endobronchial blocker
• The pediatric bronchoscope acts as a guide, allowing the
endobronchial blocker to be advanced over it into the correct
position
• In addition, the wire-guided endobronchial blocker allows one-
lung ventilation with a single-lumen endotracheal tube
• Thus, one-lung ventilation is not dependent on installing a special device
in the airway, such as a double-lumen tube or a Univent endotracheal
tube
• Allows one-lung ventilation in the critically ill patient in whom
reintubation may be difficult or impossible and in patients with a known
difficult airway requiring fiberoptic intubation with a conventional
endotracheal tube
• Unnecessary to convert from a conventional double-lumen
endotracheal tube to a single-lumen tube at the end of surgery
 Disadvantage
s
• Satisfactory bronchial seal and lung separation are
sometimes difficult to achieve
• The “blocked” lung collapses slowly (and sometimes
incompletely)
• The balloon may become dislodged during surgery and enter
the trachea proper, causing a complete airway obstruction
• In situations of acute increases in airway pressure, the
endobronchial blocker balloon should be immediately deflated and
the blocker re- advanced
• It will then re-enter the correct segment (as the tip remains in the
correct bronchus and only the proximal balloon portion has entered
the trachea)
• In this case, a pediatric fiberoptic bronchoscope should be re-introduced
into the airway and the balloon re-positioned
• In order to prevent barotrauma, the initial balloon inflation volume
should not be exceeded
• It is important that the balloon be fully deflated when not in use and
only be re-inflated with the same volume used during positioning and
bronchoscopy.
Limitations to the Use of Univent Bronchial Blocker

LIMITATION SOLUTION
1. Slow inflation time (a)Deflate BB cuff and administer +ve pressure breath
through the main single lumen;
(b)carefully administer one short high pressure (20–30
psi) jet ventilation
2. Slow deflation time (c) Deflate BB cuff and compress and evacuate the lung
through the main single lumen;
(b)apply suction to BB lumen
3.Blockage of BB Suction, stylet, and then
lumen suction
( blood, pus,..)
4. High-pressure Use just-seal volume of air
cuff Make sure BB cuff is subcarinal, increase inflation volume,
5. Leak in BB cuff rearrange surgical field
Arndt endobronchial blocker
[Wire guided Endobronchial Blocker (WEB)]
Wire-Guided Endobronchial
Blockers
• Available
sizes
• Adult 9 Fr
• Pediatric 5 Fr
Comparison of Various Tube
Diameters
Wire-Guided Endobronchial
Blockers
Wire-Guided Endobronchial
Blockers
Wire-Guided Endobronchial
Blockers
Wire-Guided Endobronchial
Blockers
Fogarty Embolectomy
Catheters
 Fogarty Embolectomy
Catheter
• Single-lumen balloon tipped catheter with a
removable stylet
• In the parallel fashion, the Fogarty catheter is
inserted prior to intubation
• In the co-axial fashion, the Fogarty catheter is
placed through the endotracheal tube
• Both techniques require fiberoptic bronchoscopy to
direct the Fogarty catheter into the correct pulmonary
segment
• sealing
Once the the airwayis in place, the balloon is inflated,
catheter
• Clinical limitations to the Fogarty technique
• Difficult to direct and cannot be coupled to a fiberoptic bronchoscope
• No accessory lumen for either removal of gas from the blocked segment
or insufflation of oxygen to reverse hypoxemia
• Ventilate w/ 100% O2 prior to balloon inflation to aid in gas removal
Cohen Flexitip Endobronchial Blocker
 Bronchial Blockers that are Independent of a
Single-Lumen Tube
Adults
-Fogarty (embolectomy) catheter with a 3 ml balloon.
It includes a stylet so that it is possible to place a curvature at the distal tip to facilitate entry into the
larynx and either mainstem bronchus .

-balloon-tipped luminal catheters (such as Foley type) may be used as bronchial blockers.

Very small children (10 kg or less)

- Fogarty catheter with a 0.5 ml balloon

- Swan-Ganz catheter (1 ml balloon)

* these catheters have to be positioned under direct vision; a FOB method is perfectly acceptable; the FOB outside
diameter must be approximately 2 mm to fit inside the endotracheal tube (3 mm internal diameter or greater).
Otherwise, the bronchial blocker must be situated with a rigid bronchoscope.

* Paediatric patients of intermediate size require intermediate size occlusion catheters and judgment on the mode of
placement (i.e., via rigid versus FOB).
Lung separation with a single-lumen tube, FOB, and Rt
lung bronchial blocker
 Disadvantages of a blocker that is independent of
the single-lumen tube as compared with DLT

 inability to suction and/or to ventilate the lung distal to the

blocker.

 increased placement time.

 the definite need for a fiberoptic or rigid bronchoscope.

 if bronchial blocker backs out into the trachea, the seal

between the two lungs will be lost and the trachea will be at
least partially obstructed by the blocker, and ventilation will be
greatly impaired.
 Endobronchial Intubation with Single-Lumen Tubes

 In adults, is often the easiest, quickest way for lung separation in patients
presenting with haemoptysis , either
-blind, or
-FOB , or
-guidance by surgeon from within chest

 In children it may be the simplest way to achieve OLV

Disadvantages
-inability to do suctioning or ventilation of operative side.
-difficult positioning bronchial cuff with inadequate ventilation of
Rt upper lobe after Rt endobronchial intubation.
In summary,
DLT is the method of choice for lung separation in most
adult patients. The precise location can be determined by
FOB .
In situations where insertion of a DLT may be difficult and/or
dangerous, separating the lungs is achieved either with a
single-lumen tube alone or in combination with a bronchial
blocker (e.g., the Univent tube).

Therefore,
regardless of what method of lung separation chosen, there
is a real need of a small-diameter FOB (for checking
the position of the DLT, placing a single-lumen
tube in a mainstem bronchus, and placing a
bronchial blocker) .
Complications of One Lung
Ventilation
• All difficult airway complications
• Injury to lips, mouth, teeth
• Injury to airway mucosa from
stylet
• Bronchial Rupture
• Decreased saturation
• HPV
• Inability to isolate lung
Complications - Bronchial
Rupture
Comparing Up Right & Lateral Decubitus
Position

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• Distribution of blood flow and ventilation is similar to that in the
upright position but turned by 90 degrees.
• Blood flow and ventilation to the dependent lung are significantly
greater than to the nondependent lung.
• Good V/Q matching at the level of the dependent lung results in
adequate oxygenation in the awake patient breathing
spontaneously.

• In Lateral Decubitus Position (LDP), ordinarily less Zone 1- due to

vertical hydrostatic gradient is less in LDP than upright.
• % of Blood flow to lungs according to position; In upright/Supine-Rt
55% Lt 45%; In LDP Rt NDL 45% Lt DL 55%; In LDP Lt NDL 35% RT
DL 65%
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1) Ldp/ awake/ Spont Breath/ Closed
Chest
• Dependent lung (DL) receives
• >perfusion (gravity)
• >ventilation

• Reasons why >ventilation:

• Contraction of dependent hemidiaphragm became > efficient as it
assumes higher position in the chest due to its disproportionate dome
shape supporting the weight of abdominal content
• Dependent lung > favorable part of compliance curve

• Thus in LDP/ Awake/Spont/ Closed; -DL receives > ventilation

regardless which side pt is lying

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2) Ldp/ awake/ Spont Breath/ open Chest

2 complications
1. Mediastinal shift, occurring during inspiration.
Negative pressure more in intact hemithorax
cause the mediastinum to move vertically
downward and push into the dependent
hemithorax.
• create circulatory & reflex changes, result in a clinical
picture similar to that of shock and respiratory distress.
• Eg. Thoracoscopy  LA, pt may need intubated
immediately, with initiation of positive-pressure
ventilation

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Ldp/ awake/ Spont Breath/ open Chest

2. Paradoxical breathing:
• During inspiration, movement of gas from the exposed
lung into the intact lung and movement of air from the
environment into the open hemithorax cause collapse
of the exposed lung.
• During expiration, the reverse occurs, and the exposed
lung expands

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2) Ldp/ awake/ Spont Breath/ open Chest

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Respiratory Physiology (lateral
decubitus position) in anaesthetised pt

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Factors affecting respiratory physiology
in lateral decubitus position
The changes further accentuated by several factors:
1) Induction of anesthesia
2)Initiation of mechanical ventilation
3)Use of neuromuscular blockade
4)Opening the chest/pleural space
5)Surgical Retraction/ Compression
6)Pressure by mediastinum/
Abdominal content

• Perfusion continue to favor dependent lung (Due to gravitational

effect)
• Ventilation favor the less perfused lung.
• End result is V/Q mismatch(shunt) giving rise to hypoxemia.

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Induction of Anaesthesia

• Reduce FRC
• Non dependent lung moves to favorable part of compliance
• Dependent lung moves to less compliance
• Result in > ventilation in nondependent lung than dependent
• But perfusion still favor the dependent lung (gravitational effect)
• Thus V/Q mismatch occur causing hypoxia

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 Other factors involved
• Positive Pressure Ventilation (PPV in mechanical ventilation)
favors ND lung as it is > compliant
• Use of neuromuscular blockade- causing paralysis of the
diaphragm. Allowing abdominal to push the dependent
hemidiaphram & impede further ventilation of DL
• Suboptimal positioning (usage of sand bag to maintain pt in LDP)
further restrict movement of DL
• Opening of NDL cause increase compliance of NDL, as the lungs
less restricted. This further attenuates differences of compliance
between two lungs.

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3) Ldp/ Anaesthetized / Spont Breath/ Closed
Chest
• In awake/ anaesthetised- distribution of pulmonary blood flow
influenced by gravitational effect
• But Induction of GAC cause significant changes in distribution of
ventilation
• Reasons:
• Ventilation favors NDL due to
• GAC reduce both lungs FRC (both loss of volume)
• Effect of muscle relaxation- paralysis of both hemidiaphragm. The curve
effect of diaphragm gives no Advantages
• Pressure effect by medialstinal structure- rest on dependent lung
physically impedes DL.

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3) Ldp/ Anaesthetized / Spont Breath/ Closed
Chest

• Weight of abdominal contents pushing cephalad against diaphragm

(greatest effect to DL)- physically impedes DL expansion and reduce
FRC
Effect more prominent if paralyzed
• Suboptimal positioning- fails to provide room for DL expansion;
considerable compressing DL
• Opening chest/ pleural space (pneumothorax) further increase
ventilation to NDL as it is no longer restricted

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4) Ldp/ Anaesthetized / Spont Breath/ Open
Chest
• No changes in pulmonary blood flow- >perfusion to DL
(gravitational effect)
• But it caused significant changes on ventilation
• NDL overventilation (remain unperfused)- increase compliance
due to no restriction of chest wall/ free to expand
• DL relatively non compliance (poor ventilation/ overperfused)
• Surgical retraction/compression of NDL provide partial solution:
expansion of NDL when externally restricted, ventilation will be
diverted to dependent, and better perfused lung.

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6) Olv/ Anaesthetized / Paralysed/ Open Chest
• Dependent lung is no longer on the steep (compliant) portion of
the volume–pressure curve because of reduced lung volume and
FRC.

# create a low V®/Q® ratio and a large P(A-a)O2 gradient.

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6) Olv/ Anaesthetized / Paralysed/ Open Chest

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Summary of V-Q relationships in the anesthetized,
open-chest and paralyzed patients in LDP

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SUMMARY OF V/Q RELATIONSHIP IN
AWAKE & ANAESTHETISED PT
Awake/Closed Anaesthetised
Closed
V/Q V Q V Q V Q
Open

NDL
DL

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Summary of V-Q relationships in the anesthetized,
open-chest and paralyzed patients in LDP

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 Physiology of OLV
• The principle physiologic change of OLV is the redistribution of
lung perfusion between the ventilated (dependent) and blocked
(nondependent) lung
• Many factors contribute to the lung perfusion, the major
determinants of them are hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction
(HPV) and gravity.
Summary of factors influencing
pulmonary/ lung perfusion

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 Physiology of OLV
(Arterial Oxygenation and Carbon Dioxide Elimination)

Blood passing through :

 non ventilated lung , retains CO2 and does not take O2.
but cannot take up a
 over ventilated lung , gives off more than a normal amount of CO2
proportionately increased amount of O2 .
Thus duri ng one- l ung vent i l at i
, on
 mor e decr eased oxygenat i on t han dur i ng t wo- l
ventung
i l at i on i n LDP due to an obl i
t r anspul monar gat or y Rt - Lt shunt t hr
y
nondependent ough Cons equent
l ung. t he l y,
nonvent i l at
l ower PaOed2

& l ar ger P( A- a) O2

 usual l c arbon di oxi el i mi nat i on is not

y em;
pr obl de CO2 by a t
but r et ent i on r aver si tng
t he nonvent i l at ed l ung sl i ght
bll ood
y exceeds
i ncr eased of el i CO2hef r om bl ood t r aver si
tmihe
natvent
i on i of
l at ed l ung, ngt he PaCO wi l l usual l
2
Two-lung ventilation versus OLV

d ur i ng OLV, t he no nv e nt i l a t e d l ung ha s s o me b l oo d f l o w a nd t he r e f
o r e ha s a n o b l i g a t o r y s hunt , whi c h i s no t p r e s e nt d ur i ng t wo - l ung
v e nt i l a t i o n & i s t he mo s t i mp o r t a nt r e a s o n f o r i nc r e a s e d P( A- a
) O2.
Blood Flow distribution during OLV

The major determinants of

blood flow
distribution between both
lungs :

•gravity,
•amount of lung disease,
•magnitude HPV,
•surgical interference
nondependent ,

•ventilation mode dependent

Blood Flow Distribution During OLV , cont….

 Lung condition (amount of lung disease)

*severely diseased nondependent lung, may have a fixed

reduction in blood flow preoperatively and its collapse may not
cause much increase in shunt.

*increases in PVR in dependent ventilated lung decreases its

ability to accept redistributed blood from the hypoxic lung. This
may occur in case of :
-decreasing FIO2 in the dependent lung .
-decreasing temperature .
Bl o o d Fl o w Di s t r i but i o nDur i ng c o nt
OLV , ….

Also, development of a hypoxic compartment (area of low V/ Q and

atelectasis) in the dependent lung increases its PVR (HPV), thereby
decreasing dependent lung and increasing nondependent lung blood flow.

This may develop intraoperatively for several reasons:

1. in LDP ,ventilated dependent lung usually has

a reduced volume resulting from combined factors
of induction of anaesthesia and circumferential
compression by mediastinum ,abdominal
contents, and
suboptimal positioning effects (rolls, packs,
supports).

2. absorption atelectasis can occur in regions with low V/Q when they are exposed to

high FIO2 .

3. difficulty in secretion removal .

4. maintaining the LDP for prolonged periods may cause fluid to transude into the
dependent lung and cause further decrease in lung volume and increase in airway
Blood Flow Distribution During OLV , cont.

 Surgical interference(compression ,retraction and ligation

of pulmonary vessels during pulmonary resection) of the
nondependent lung may further passively reduce its blood
flow.

 Mode of ventilation of dependent lung

•If hyperventilated PaCO 2 HPV

•Excessive AWP (PEEP or V ) dependent PVR

•F O D-V in dependent lung,
T
in
augmenting
I 2
and nondependent
nondependent lunglung blood flow.
HPV -but ,may cause absorption
atelectasis in regions that have low V/Q ratios
Hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction
(hpv)
• HPV, a local response of pulmonary vascular smooth muscle
(PVSM), decreases blood flow to the area of lung where a low
alveolar oxygen pressure is sensed.
• Intrinsic response of lung, no neuronal control, immediately
present in transplanted lung.
• The mechanism of HPV is not completely understood. Vasoactive
substances released by hypoxia or hypoxia itself (K+ channel)
cause pulmonary artery smooth muscle contraction.
• All pulmonary arteries and veins vasoconstric in response to
hypoxia, but greatest effect is to small pumonary
arteriesm(200mm)

05/21/15 HSNZ KT
Hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction
(hpv)

• HPV aids in keeping a normal V/Q relationship by diversion of blood

from underventilated areas, responsible for the most lung perfusion
redistribution in OLV.
• HPV is graded and limited, of greatest benefit when 30% to 70% of
the lung is made hypoxic.
• But effective only when there are normoxic areas of the lung
available to receive the diverted blood flow

05/21/15 HSNZ KT
ring OLV , cont.

 Magnitude of HPV

• HPV is an autoregulatory mechanism that protects the PaO 2 the

by decreasing
amount of shunt flow that can occur through hypoxic lung as it diverts
blood flow from the atelectatic lung toward the remaining normoxic or
hyperoxic ventilated lung.

• HPV is of little importance When ;

-very little of the lung is hypoxic (near 0%) because shunt will be small.
-most of the lung is hypoxic (near 100%) there is no significant normoxic
region to which the hypoxic region can divert flow.

• Of great importance if the percentage of hypoxic lung is intermediate ( 30

and 70%), which is the case during OLV
Blood Flow Distribution During OLV ,
cont.

Factors that might determine the amount of regional HPV

Factors that might determine the amount of regional HPV , cont.

1. Distribution of the alveolar hypoxia is probably not a determinant of the amount of HPV; all regions of the lung
respond to alveolar hypoxia with vasoconstriction.

2. Atelectasis, most of blood flow reduction in acutely atelectatic lung is due to HPV and none of it to passive
mechanical factors (such as vessel tortuosity).

3. Vasodilator drugs, most of them inhibit regional HPV

4. Anaesthetic drugs

5. Pulmonary vascular pressure, HPV response is

-maximal at normal PVP and
-decreased at either high or low PVP.

6. Pv¯O2 , HPV response also is

-maximal when Pv¯O2 is normal and
-decreased by either high or low Pv¯O2.

7. FIO2 selectively decreasing the FIO2in the normoxic compartment causes an increase in normoxic lung vascular
tone, thereby decreasing blood flow diversion from hypoxic to normoxic lung.

8. Vasoconstrictor drugs constrict normoxic lung vessels preferentially, thereby disproportionately increasing
normoxic lung PVR causing decrease normoxic lung blood flow and increase atelectatic lung blood flow.

9. PaCO2 , hypocapnia inhibits & hypercapnia directly enhances regional HPV.

10. PEEP
Other Causes of Hypoxaemia During OLV

 Failure of the oxygen supply.

 Gross hypoventilation of the dependent lung.

 Blockage of the dependent lung airway lumen e.g. by secretions

Malposition of the DLT (decreased cardiac output, increased

 Decrease of Pv¯O2
consumption [excessive oxygen sympathetic nervous
hyperthermia, shivering]) system stimulation,

Transfusion of blood may cause pulmonary dysfunction attributed to the

action of isoantibodies against leukocytes, which causes cellular
aggregation, microvascular occlusion, and capillary leakage.
Hypoxic pulmonary
vasoconstriction
• HPV is a physiological response of the lung to
alveolar hypoxia, which redistributes pulmonary
blood flow from areas of low oxygen partial
pressure to areas of high oxygen availability.

• The mechanism of HPV is not completely

understood. Vasoactive substances released by
hypoxia or hypoxia itself (activating K+, Ca++ and
TRP channels) cause pulmonary artery smooth
muscle contraction
HPV
• HPV aids in keeping a normal V/Q relationship by
diversion of blood from underventilated areas,
responsible for the most lung perfusion redistribution
in OLV

• HPV is graded and limited, of greatest benefit when

30% to 70% of the lung is made hypoxic.

• HPV is effective only when there are normoxic areas of

the lung available to receive the diverted blood flow
 Factors affecting regional HPV

• HPV is inhibited directly by

volatile anesthetics (not
N20), vasodilators (NTG,
SNP, NO, dobutamine, many
ß2-agonist), increased PVR
(MS, MI, PE) and hypocapnia
• HPV is indirectly inhibited by
PEEP; vasoconstrictor drugs
(epinephrine,
norepinephrine,
phenylephrine, dopamine)
constrict normoxic lung
vessels preferentially
Gravity and V-Q
• Upright LDP
Shunt and OLV
• Physiological (postpulmonary) shunt
• About 2-5% CO,
• Accounting for normal A-aD02, 10-15 mmHg
• Including drainages from
• Thebesian veins of the heart
• The pulmonary bronchial veins
• Mediastinal and pleural veins

• Transpulmonary shunt increased due to continued

perfusion of the atelectatic lung and A-aD02 may
increase
Two-lung ventilation and OLV
Cardiac output and OLV

• Decreased CO may reduce SvO2 and thus impair

SpO2 in presence of significant shunt
• Hypovolemia
• Compression of heart or great vessels
• Thoracic epidural sympathetic blockade
• Air trapping and high PEEP

• Increased CO increases PA pressures which

increases perfusion of the non-ventilated lung →
increase of shunt fraction
Arndt Endobronchial Blocker set
• Invented by Dr. Arndt, an anesthesiologist
• Ideal for diff intubation, pre-existing ETT and postop
ventilation needed
• Requires ETT > or = 8.0 mm
• Similar problems as Univent
• Inability to suction or ventilate the blocked lung
Other methods of OLV

• Single-lumen ETT with a balloon-tipped catheter

• Including Fogarty embolectomy catheter, Magill or Foley,
and Swan-Ganz catheter (children < 10 kg)
• Not reliable and may be more time-consuming
• Inability to suction or ventilate the blocked lung
• Endobronchial intubation of single-lumen ETT
• The easiest and quickest way of separating one lung from
the other bleeding one, esp. from left lung
• More often used for pedi patients
• More likely to cause serious hypoxemia or severe
bronchial damage
Management of OLV...

• Maintain two-lung ventilation as long as possible

•Start OLV with 100% O then start backing off the FiO if
2 2

saturations are OK
• Manual ventilation for the first few minutes of OLV to
get a sense of pulmonary compliance / resistance
• Be attentive to inspiratory pressures and tidal volumes
and adjust the ventilator to optimize oxygenation and
alveolar ventilation, with minimal barotrauma
• Look at the surgical field to see if the non-dependent
lung is collapsed
...Management of OLV

• Tidal volume = 8-10 ml/kg

• Adjust RR (increasing 20-30%) to keep PaCO = 40 mmHg
2

• No PEEP (or very low PEEP, < 5 cm H O)

2

• Continuous monitoring of oxygenation and ventilation (SpO , ABG and ET CO )

2 2
Other causes of hypoxemia
in OLV
• Mechanical failure of O supply or airway blockade
2

• Hypoventilation
• Resorption of residual O from the clamped lung
2

• Factors that decrease SvO (CO,  O consumption)

2 2
Management of hypoxemia during
OLV
• FiO = 1.0
2

• Manual ventilation
• Check DLT position with FOB
• Check hemodynamic status
• CPAP (5-10 cm H O, 5 L/min) to nondependent lung, most effective
2

• PEEP (5-10 cm H O) to dependent lung, least effective

2

• Intermittent two-lung ventilation

• Clamp pulmonary artery
Broncho-Cath CPAP system
 Patient Monitoring
Considerations
• Direct arterial catheterization (a-
line)
• essential for nearly all thoracic cases
• Allows for beat-to-beat blood
pressure analysis
• Sampling for determination of ABG
• Central venous pressure monitoring
(central line)
• essential for measuring right atrial
and right ventricular pressures
• Useful in monitoring:
• large volume shifts
• hypovolemia
• need for vasoactive drugs
• Pulmonary artery catheterization
• left sided filling pressures, cardiac
output
• Calculation of derived hemodynamic and respiratory parameters
and clinical use of Starling curve
Patient Monitoring
Considerations
 Oxygenation and Ventilation
 Monitoring inspired oxygen
 Sampling of arterial blood for
ABGs
 Pulse oximetry
 Transcutaneous oxygen tension
 for neonates
 Qualitative signs
 chest expansion
 observation of reservoir
bag
 auscultation of breath
sounds
 EtCO2 measurement,
capnograph
Case Setup for DLT &
OLV
• MSMAID
• Preferred blade and handle
• Airway – Have standard supplies & assortment
of sizes for DLT or other OLV choice
equipment
• Fiberoptic cart
• Hemostats or clamps to clamp off lumens of
the tube
• Suction!!
Ventilatory Management of OLV

• Conventional Ventilatory Management

• Differential Lung Ventilation Management

• High-Frequency Ventilation Management

• Low-Flow Apnoeic Ventilation (Apnoeic Insufflation)

Conventional Ventilatory Management

•Maintain two-lung ventilation as long as possible.

•Use FIO2 = 1.0

•Begin OLV with tidal volume of 10 ml / kg.

•Adjust respiratory rate so that PaCO2 ~ 40 mmHg.

•Continuous monitoring of oxygenation and

ventilation.
Differential Lung Ventilation Management

Intermittent Inflation of the Nondependent Operative Lung

may be expected to increase PaO2 for a variable period of time.

 Selective Dependent Lung PEEP

 Selective Nondependent Lung CPAP (without tidal ventilation)

Differential Lung PEEP/CPAP

Dependent lung is Selective PEEP to
ventilated but dependent lung
compressed by : improves V/Q but
PVR in also
it ; this
increases
d
blo od and increasesshuntiverts
flow throug h,
the
nonventilatedlung.

Selective CPAP to Differential lung CPAP

nondependent lung (nondependent) /PEEP
permits oxygen uptake from (dependent),
 The three essential components of a
nondependent lung CPAP system

CPAP is created by the free flow of oxygen into the lung versus the restricted outflow of
oxygen from the lung by the pressure relief valve.
 The Mallinckrodt Broncho-Cath CPAP System
(Photography courtesy of Mallinckrodt Medical, Inc., St. Louis, MO.)
Recommended Combined Conventional and
Differential Lung Management of OLV
1. Maintain two-lung ventilation until pleura is
opened

2. Dependant lung
• FIO2 = 1.0

• VT = 10 ml / Kg

• RR , so that PaCO2 ~ 40 mmHg

• PEEP = 5 - 10 cmH2O

• Check haemodynamic status

3. If severe•hypoxaemia occurs
Non dependant lung CPAP (5 - 10
•• cmH
Check DLT position by FOB
2O)

• Dependent lung PEEP

• Intermittent two lung
ventilation
High-Frequency Ventilation (HFV)
Management

HFV delivers , very small VT (<2 ml/kg)

at high rates (60 - 2,400 breaths/min)

So,
• can be delivered through very small catheters
• it decreases PAWP

So,
it may be uniquely useful in facilitating the performance of thoracic surgery in
the following three ways;
-Use in Major Conducting Airway Surgery
-Use in Bronchopleural Fistula
-Use in Minimizing Movement of the Operative Field
 Types of HFV

TYPE OF RATE/ MIN TYPE OF GAS INSPIRATIO EXHALATIO

HFV VENTILATOR ENTRAINMEN N N
T

HFPP 60– Volum No Activ Passiv

100 e e e
V
HFJV 100–400 Jet Yes Activ Passiv
pulsation e e
HFOV 400– Yes
2,400 Piston pump Yes
Activ Active
HFI
100-600 Rotating e Passiv

ball Activ e

e
Low-Flow Apnoeic Ventilation (Apnoeic Insufflation)

• If left
ventilation is stopped during administration of 100 % O2 and airway is
connected to a fresh gas supply, O2 will be drawn into the lung by mass
movement to replace the diffused O2 . There is usually no difficulty in
maintaining an adequate PaO2 (especially if 5–10 cmH2O of CPAP is used) at
least for 20 minutes .

• If flow of O is relatively low (<0.1 L/kg/min) almost all CO produced is retained, and
2 2

PaCO2 rises approximately 6 mmHg in the 1st minute and then 3 - 4 mmHg
each minute thereafter .

• Safe period < 10 min

• arterial oxygen saturation monitoring via pulse oximetry is mandatory.

Thoracotom
y
Thoracotomy with Lung
Deflated
VAT
S
VAT
S
VAT
S
Summary
• OLV widely used in cardiothoracic surgery
• Many methods can be used for OLV. Optimal
methods depends on indication, patient factors,
equipment, skills and level of training
• FOB is the key equipment for OLV
• Principle physiologic change of OLV is the
redistribution of pulmonary blood flow to keep an
appropriate V/Q match
• Management of OLV is a challenge for the
anesthesiologist, requiring knowledge, skill,
vigilance, experience, and practice