Incropera & DeWitt: Chpt 14 p.

933 – 980
Lecture 11 Welty et al.: Chpt 24 p. 398 - 407

CEMI 321
Transport principles II:
Heat and mass transfer
 Molecular mass transfer:
Outcomes

At the end of this contact session you should:

 Be familiar with molecular mass transfer
Fick’s law of diffusion
 Mole and mass convention
Molecular mass transfer
Natural phenomenon of the relative motion
of species in a mixture due to the presence of
concentration gradients.
Everyday occurrence, e.g.
◦ Addition of salt to a stew
◦ Evaporation of water from the ocean
◦ Drying of cloths in the sun
◦ Transfer of oxygen to blood
◦ Distillation
◦ Making tea
Mass transfer
 Mass transfer is enhanced when agitation is present, e.g.
stirring of coffee to dissolve sugar faster.
 Modes of transfer
◦ Molecular diffusion
◦ Convective mass transfer
 Analogy to heat transfer
◦ Molecular diffusion is similar to conduction
◦ Convective diffusion is similar to convective heat
transfer
General considerations
Mass in transit as the result of a species concentration difference in a
mixture – Definition.
 Must have a mixture of two or more species for mass transfer to occur.
 The species concentration gradient is the driving potential for transfer.

• Physical origins of diffusion:

 Transfer is due to random molecular motion.
 Consider two species A and B at the same T and p,
but initially separated by a partition.
– Diffusion in the direction of decreasing
concentration dictates net transport of
A molecules to the right and B molecules
to the left.
– In time, uniform concentrations of A and
B are achieved.
 Definitions

Molar concentration of species i.

Mass density (kg/m3) of species i.
Molecular weight (kg/kmol) of species i.

Molar flux of species i due to diffusion.

 Transport of i relative to molar average velocity (v*) of mixture.

Absolute molar flux of species i.

 Transport of i relative to a fixed reference frame.
Mass flux of species i due to diffusion.
 Transport of i relative to mass-average velocity (v) of mixture.

ni¢¢: Absolute mass flux of species i.

 Transport of i relative to a fixed reference frame.
Mole fraction of species i

Mass fraction of species i

 Property Relations Property Relations

• Mixture concentration:

• Mixture mass concentration:

• Mixture of ideal gases:

𝑝𝑖
𝐶𝑖=
ℜ𝑇 Universal gas
constant
𝑝𝑖
𝑝𝑖=
𝑅𝑖 𝑇 Gas constant for species i
Fick’s law of diffusion
 Moleculardiffusion resemblance conduction
 Conduction is described by Fourier’s law

dT
Heat flux q' '  k Driving force –
(J/s.m2) dx temperature gradient
Equilibrium constant –
thermal conductivity

 Molecular diffusion is described by Fick’s law of diffusion

dCA
Molar mass flux J A   DAB Driving force –
(kmol/s.m2)
dz concentration gradient

Mass diffusivity – binary

diffusion coefficient
Mol and Mass conventions
 Capital letter = Mol base, i.e. J
 small caps = mass base, j
 y is mol fraction for gasses, x is mol fraction for liquids
 w is mass fraction
 Fick’s law on mol basis
Mixture concentration
dC A dyA
J A  DAB J A   c DAB
dz dz
 Fick’s law on mass basis
Mixture mass density
d A dw A
j A  DAB j A    DAB
dz dz
Velocities
 Molecular diffusion and convection transport takes place
simultaneously!
 The convective transport is due to density differences due
to
◦ Velocities relative to stationary point
◦ Velocities relative to mass or molar average velocities

n n n n

 v  v
i i i i c v c v
i i i i
Eq. 24.13 &
v i 1
 i 1
V i 1
 i 1
n
 n
c 24.14 in Welty
 i
i 1
 ci
i 1

 Velocity relative to average velocity is termed the

diffusion velocity
 According to Fick’s law, a species can have a velocity
relative to the mass-molar- average velocity only if
gradients in concentration exists.
14.15
Assumptions:
• Steady-state conditions See Ex. 14.1 for
• One dimensional diffusion in a plane wall use of equations.
• Stationary medium
• Uniform

dC A Table A.4 – M value

J A   DAB

𝑗 𝐴=𝑀 𝐴 𝐽 𝐴
dz
(C A, 2  C A,1 )
J A   DAB
L
−9 2
1 0 𝑚 /𝑠 ( ) 3 −8 2
𝐽 𝐴= 0.02 −0.005 𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙/𝑚 =1.5 × 10 𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙/ 𝑠.𝑚
0.001 𝑚