The 24th International Computer Science and Engineering Conference 2020

Bangkok, Thailand
3 - 4 December 2020

Removal of Unwanted Object in 3D CT Kidney Stone

Images and
3D Visualization

Lai Yee Myint

Department of Computer Engineering and Information
Technology
Yangon Technological University
Myanmar
lymyint13itphd@ytu.edu.mm
 Outlines

 Introduction
 Related Works
 Problem Statement
 Objectives
 Proposed Method
 Experiment Results
 Result Analysis
 Conclusion

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 Introduction

 Kidney Stones are small, hard deposits of mineral and acid salts on the inner surfaces
of the kidneys (drops along the urinary track).

 Alternative names include:

 Nephrolithiasis
 Urolithiasis
 Ureterolithiasis

http://www.pilotfriend.com/aeromed/medical/images2/25.jpg

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 Cont’d

 Why doing research in Kidney Stone Disease?

 prevalence of kidney stone disease and recurrence rate
Lifetime prevalence of incident kidney stones in the

10.0%
8.8%
9.0%
8.0%
7.0%
6.0% 5.2%
5.0%
4.0%
3.2%
3.0%
United States

2.0%
1.0%
0.0%

Fig: Prevalence of kidney stone disease from 1976 to 2010 [1] Fig: Recurrent rates of kidney stone forming after treatment [1]

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 Cont’d

 World Health Organization (WHO) in 2018 [2]

 Chronic Kidney disease-causes of death rate

 30.3 per 100 000 of population in Myanmar

 World Ranking of CKD-causes of death rate

 Rank of CKD-causes of death rate of Myanmar, Thailand and Japan in the world

Myanmar Thailand Japan

World Rank 31 39 156

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 Related Works
Related Research Advantages Disadvantages
Feature Extraction of Kidney Ultrasound delete and remove speedily the depend on the skill of
Images based on Intensity Histogram and complicated background because of human experts
Gray Level Co-occurrence Matrix [3] manual cropping of the region of
interest

Kidney stone detection in
Tomography Images [4]
Computed detect the size and location of the remain some false-positive
stone due to using manual noise in the image
removal to crop the kidney regions in
CT images based on X and Y direction
of the matrix

Image Quality Improvement in Kidney Stone detect and mark kidney stone with require a qualified medical
Detection on Computed Tomography 84.61% accuracy by using thresholding professional to validate its
Images [5] based on the optimum value of output result
contrast adjustment

Automated False Positive Reduction and reduce false positive with 70 % of less robust than other
Feature Extraction of Kidney Stone Object in overall accuracy by evaluating the two previous researches
3D CT Images [6] thresholding values based on volume
and surface-area of kidney stones

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 Problem Statement

 Use abdominal CT scans to image the organs.

 Three different terminologies:
 hyperdense with a bright-white appearance on CT (bone, kidney stone, etc.)
 hypodense with a dark appearance on CT (air, fat, water, etc.)
 isodense with a gray appearance on CT (liver, kidney, stomach, etc.)
 Because of the problem of various size, shape, location, and intensity of kidney
stones with other unwanted objects on CT imaging, removing these unneeded
surrounding objects from the image is the fundamental process for kidney stone
classification.

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 Objectives

 To remove automatically unwanted objects in CT images for kidney stone detection

 To represent better visual results by using 3D visualization

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 Proposed Method

Three stages:
 Hypodense and isodense region removing
 Intensity-based thresholding method
 Unneeded hyperdense region removing
 Size-based thresholding method
 False-positive reducing
 Volume and average HU values -based thresholding method

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 Intensity-based thresholding method

 In step 1, Two constant threshold values, and (200 HU and 2800 HU values )
 Step 2, foreground and background are segmented into two groups of pixels and ,
using and :
(1)
 Step 3, finally, the new image is outputted with, after eliminating group.

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 Size-based thresholding method

 Step 1, Calculate the size (longest diameter )of each object through the bounding
box calculation in [7].
 Step 2, Two constant threshold values, and (3mm and 50 mm) [8].
 Step 3, Foreground and background are segmented into two groups of pixels and
without using, and
(2)
 Step 4, Finally, the new image is outputted with , after elimination group.

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 Volume and average HU values - based thresholding method

 Step 1, Calculate the required threshold values ( and ) using following equation, and
regarded with 0.03 and 35 as consideration of the relationship between volume and HU of
kidney stone.


is the average HU for each object, n is the number of voxels in an object. µ is the HU value of each voxel in an object.

 Step 2, Segment the image into two groups of pixels and without using, and
(6)
 Step 3, Develop the new image with , after elimination group.
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 Experiment Results

 Working on 551 CT slices of a patient, my experiments demonstrated that the

proposed algorithm is removed unwanted surrounding objects step by step.

2D Slide mode of 3D Volume mode of Output of after hypodense and

original DICOM image original DICOM image isodense region removing

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 Experiment Results

Result of after hyperdense region removing Result of after false positive removing

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 Results Analysis 1
 After loading 500-600 slices of each patient, it is constructed the original image which consists of
over 500000 labels.
 In the first process, the algorithm can remove all regions having hypodense and isodense
structure from the abdomen CT image and reduce the unwanted objects up to 4300 labels on
average from over 500000 labels.
 In the second process, hyperdense region removing, the algorithm removes the bony skeleton,
bed mat, and some bones but the average of the remaining labels is about 112.
 The final output is clear in visualization and remains only an average of 21 labels in an image.
 So, it can remove most of unwanted objects.
Hypodense and isodense Hyperdense region False-positive reducing
region removing removing
4300 labels 112 labels 21 labels

Table 1. Average Result of All 50 Patients in Each Process

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 Results Analysis 2


 where, TP and FN are used for kidney stones which are correctly detected and not detected in system

TP FN Sensitivity
66 3 95.7%

Could carry out the unneeded regions removing with a significant stone detecting.

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 Conclusion

 gives good support in kidney stone detection and classification, and correctly
remove the unneeded region
 is simple and easy to understand for kidney stone classification because of using
thresholding methods based on the nature of kidney stones on CT
 good and satisfactory result
 95.7% in sensitivity
 is effective and efficient with good sensitivity

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 References
[1] A. H. Milladipour and M. Rezaei Hemami, “Renal Function Assessment in Adults with Recurrent Calcium Kidney Stone Disease,”
J. Nephrol. Ther., vol. 2, no. 4, pp. 2–4, 2012.
[2] “SUPPORT LIFE EXPECTANCY RESEARCH!,” WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION 2017, 2017. [Online]. Available:
http://www.worldlifeexpectancy.com/myanmar-kidney-disease.
[3] W. M. Hafizah, E. Supriyanto, and J. Yunus, “Feature Extraction of Kidney Ultrasound Images based on Intensity Histogram and
Gray Level Co-occurrence Matrix,” pp. 115–120, 2012.
[4] P. Akkasaligar, S. Biradar, and V. Kumber, “Kidney stone detection in Computed Tomorgrahy Images,” in 2017 International
Conference On Smart Technologies For Smart Nation (SmartTechCon), 2017, vol. 6, no. 4, pp. 353–356.
[5] S. Ebrahimi and V. Y. Mariano, “Image Quality Improvement in Kidney Stone Detection on Computed Tomography Images,” J.
Image Graph., vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 40–46, 2015.
[6] N. Thein, “Automated False Positive Reduction and Feature Extraction of Kidney Stone Object in 3D CT Images,” Int. J. Intell.
Eng. Syst., vol. 12, no. 2, pp. 62–73, 2019.
[7] M. Vallières, C. R. Freeman, S. R. Skamene, and I. El Naqa, “A radiomics model from joint FDG-PET and MRI texture features for
the prediction of lung metastases in soft-tissue sarcomas of the extremities,” Phys. Med. Biol., vol. 60, no. 14, pp. 5471–5496,
Jul. 2015.
[8] C. D. Scales, A. C. Smith, J. M. Hanley, and C. S. Saigal, “Kidney Stones in Adults,” NIH Publ., vol. 13, no. 2495, pp. 160–165,
2012.

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