Beam

DEFLECTION OF
BEAM
Ankit Saxena (saxena01ankit@gmail.com)

Beam Differential Equation
d
Elastic
Q
ds
Curve
P ds
dy
 
dx
Where dx and dy represent the projected lengths of the segment ds along
X
and Y axes.
Arc
Angle 
Radius
ds
d .....................................(1)
R
dy
tan dx.....................................(2)
differenting w.r.t  x
d d 2y
sec .
2

dx dx2
ds 1 d 2y
sec 2 . . 
R dx dx2
sec3 d 2 y
R  dx2
2
d y 1 tan2 
3
2
dx2  R
d 2y 1 M
dx2  R
EI d 2
EI y 2
dx
M
Note :-
1) The above equation is the governing differential equation of the beam.
2) we only take the effect of bending moment. The effect of shear on the
deflection
is extremely small and usually neglected.
3) EI is an index which is known as flexural strength of an element.

Boundary Condition for Beams
Case (1) Cantilever beam
Free
Fixed P End
End  C
y  yA 
A c
Transverse
y  yC  Maximum
yc  c Maximum
0  0
A
Deflection
y - Transverse deflection
c
- Angular deflection of beam (or) slope of
c beam

Cantilever beam concentrated load at free end
x EI d y
2
P dx2  M x x
M x  x  Px
A C d 2y
EI 2  Px
x dx
Integrating w.r.t 'x'
x 2
EI dy  Px  C1
L dx
at, x  L
2
dy
 0
dx

2
PL 
0 2 C
1
PL
C 2
2 2
dy Px PL
EI dx  2  2
Again integrating w.r.t 'x'

3
2
EI.y  Px  PL x  C2
6 2
at, x  L
y0
3 3
PL PL 
0 6  2 C
2
PL
C2  3
3 2
Px
PL x 3
PL
 
EI.y  6
2
Note
3 2
PL x PL
3
Px  
EI.y  6
2 3
PL
ymax  yC  x0   33EI
 dy  PL 2
max C  x0    2EI

 dx
Max
1. The magnitude of the slope curve is slope of deflection

curve.
2. The slope of slope curve is magnitude of bending moment.

C
BMD
PL
PL2
Slope 2EI
Curve C
Deflection C 3
Curve PL

3EI

Case (2) Cantilever Beam concentrated Load not at free
end
a P
C
A B
y yc
C
c  M yB
c
B
L

Case (3) Cantilever beam subjected to uniformly distributed load on whole
span length
W  N / m 4
WL
ymax  yB  x0   8EI
 dy  WL3
A B max B  x0    6EI
 dx
Max

Case (4) Cantilever beam subjected to uniformly distributed load on a part of
span length
W  N / m
WL4
 W  L  a  W  L  a
4
y
8EI 8EI 6EI
A B  .a
3
a
L

Case (5) Cantilever beam subjected to a couple at the free
end.
M
2
y y ML
max B x0  2EI

B  dy  ML
A  max  B x0  
 dx
 EI
Max

Case (6) Cantilever beam subjected to a uniformly varying load having zero
intensity at the free end.
4
WN/ WL

ymax  yB  x0 30EI
m
 dy 
max B  x0    24EI
A B  3dx
WL Max

Case (7) Cantilever beam subjected to a uniformly varying load having zero
intensity at the fixed end.
WN/
m
A B

Simply Supported Beam
W
A B
C
L L
2 2

Symmetry in Bending moment diagram
1. Maximum deflection occurs at the centre or mid point of the beam
axis.
2. At the mid point, point C [slope = 0]

L
x 
2
y  y M a x
  d y  0
d x
3. At supports (A &
B)
y0
 dydx Max

No symmetry in Bending moment diagram
1. Maximum deflection occurs in a region between point of application of

load and mid point.
2. The maximum slope is occurred at that support which is nearer to the line
of action of force.

Case 1. Simply Supported beam subjected to a point load at mid
span
Bending Equation for the
section BC W
x
A B
Wx
M x x  2
C
d 2 y Wx
EI 2  W x x W
dx 2 RA  L L RB 
2 2
2 2
On Integration w.r.t 'x'
dy Wx2
EI   C .....................(1)
dx 4 1
Again integrating w.r.t 'x'

EI.y  Wx  C x  C .............
3
(2) 1 2
12
dy Wx2
EI   C .....................(1)
dx 4 1
EI.y  Wx  C x  C .............
3
(2) 1 2
12
Apply boundary condition, At
L dy
x  2 , dx  0
&
x  0 / L, y  0
From equation (2)
C2  0
From equation (1) WL2

C1 
16
Substitute the value of C1 & C2 in equation (1) & (2)

dy Wx2
EI 2  .....................(3)
WL
dx 4 16
Wx3
EI.y  2 ...................(4)
WL
12 x 16
For maximum deflection and slope

3
y y
max C x L  48EI
2
 WL
 dy  WL2
 max  B x0  A xL     16EI
 dx
Max

Home Work
Case (1) S.S.B subjected to point moment at its both ends.
M M
ML2
ymax  yC  x L2  8EI
 dy  ML
L max B  x0  
A xL  
 dx
  2EI
Max
Case (2) S.S.B subjected to UDL (Uniformly distributed load ) over it length.
4
5W
W N/m x L 
ymax  yC  2 L
384EI
 dy  WL3
L max B  x0  A xL     24EI

 dx
Max
Case (2) S.S.B subjected to Eccentric concentrated load
a b

Macaulay's Method
1. In Macaulay's method, a single equation is written for the

bending moment for all the portions of the beam.
2. Same integration constants of integration are applicable for all portions.
W3 W2 W1
a b c d
A E
B C D
RA RE
x W3 W2 W1
a b c d
A E
B C D
RA x RE
x
M x  x  RE .x DE W1. x  d  W2  x  c  d  W3  x  b  c  d 
CD BC AB
Note
In the bending moment equation by substituting any value of x, if the form in the
bracket become negative, delete that term completely.

d 2y
EI 2
dx  RE .x DE W1. x  d CD W2  x  c  d BC W3  x  b  c  d AB
EI dy  R . x2  C W1.  x  d W2  x  c  d W3  x  b  c  d

dx E
2 DE 2 2 2
1 CD BC AB
 2
 2
 2
W1.  x  d W2  x  c  d W3  x  b  c  d

3
x
EI.y  RE .  C1 x  C 2 6 6 6
6 DE CD BC AB
 3
 3
 3

Q. A simply Supported beam carry 2 point loads 64 KN & 48 KN at B and C points.
Find the deflection under each load.
Given E = 210 GPa and I = 180 * 106 mm4.
64KN 48KN
1m 3m 4m
A D
B C

Area Moment Method (Mohr's Theorem)
Statement [1]
The difference between the slope of any two point is equal to the area of
(M/EI) diagram.
Statement [2]
The difference between the deflection of any two point is equal to the moment
of area of (M/EI) diagram.

Note
1. For the two points, one point should be point of zero slope and other
point should be point of non-zero slope.
2. The point of zero slope is known as reference point and point of non zero
slope is known as origin point.
3. As per statement [2]
Difference b/w deflection of any two point = moment of area of [M/EI] diagram
= A * x of [M/EI] diagram
x = it is the distance b/w the centroid of area and the point of non zero slope point
or origin point.

W

Q. For the cantilever beam as known in the figure determine the maximum slope
and deflection. For section AC the flexural rigidity is 2EI and for CB section is
EI.
W
A B
C
2EI EI
L L

Q. For the given propped cantilever beam as shown in the figure, determine the support
reaction at the simple support B. W load is acting at mid point of the given beam.
W
M
W 2
A B

Castigliano's Theorem
If a structure is subjected to a number of external loads (or couples), the partial
derivative of the total strain energy with respect with respect to any load (or
couple) provides the deflection in the direction of that load (or couple).
U = strain energy [S.E] of beam due to bending moment
M x x 2 dx
L
S.E  U  
2  EI x x
0

W
A
B
L M
Statement [1]
d
yB 
dW S.E
Statement [2] 
d
 B
dM S.E

Note - W is concentrated point load and M is the concentrated point
moment.
Note
1. For calculating deflection at a point if there is no point load at that point,
introduce a dummy point load at that point and do complete
the calculation.
2. In the final step, put the dummy load value equal to the zero.

Gate [2014] / 2 Marks
Q. A frame is subjected to a load P as shown in the figure. The frame has a
constant
flexural rigidity EI. The effect of axial load is neglected. The deflection at point A
due to the applied load P is -
1 PL3
(a)
3 EI
2 PL3
(b) W
3 EI L
PL4
(c)
EI
4 PL3 L
(d )
3 EI
L W

FIXED
BEAM

Fixed Beam
Symmetrical Loading
W
A B
A  0 B  0
L
yA  0 yB  0

Case 1. Symmetrical loading on fixed beam
(A fixed beam having a concentrated point load at mid span)
Step (1) A fixed beam is considered as a simply beam with the given loading
condition.
W
A B
L L
2 2
W W
R1  2 R2  2

Step (2) Draw the free moment diagram.
WL
4
A B
L
Step (3) A fixed beam is considered as a simply supported beam having fixing
moments at both the ends. Since it is a case of symmetrical loading so equal fixing
moments are required at both ends.
M M
A B
R3  0 R4  0

Step (4) Draw the fixing moment diagram.
L
A B
-M
B   area of (M/EI) Diagram = 0

A
Area of free bending moment diagram = area of fixing bending moment

diagram
2 4
L WL
.  WL
M .L
M  8

Step (5) Maximum deflection will be at point
C.
yC  y 
A moment of area of (M/EI) diagram about any end support.
yC  yA  { moment of area of [M/EI] diagram for free moment diagram about any support}
- { moment of area of [M/EI] diagram for fixing moment diagram about any support.
yC  y A  A1 x1  A2 x2
A1 area between A and C in free moment diagram.

x1 Distance between centroid of area between A and C in free moment diagram to
fixed support
A.
A2 area between A and C in fixing moment diagram.
x2 Distance between centroid of area between A and C in fixing moment diagram
to fixed support Ankit Saxena (saxena01ankit@gmail.com)
1  1 WL L  2 L   WL L  L
y . .  .    . .
  
EI  2 4 2 3 2   8 2 
 4

y  WL3 
192EI

Q. Determine the maximum bending moment and the deflection of a beam of
length L and flexural rigidity EI. The beam is fixed horizontally at both ends
and carries a uniformly distributed load w over the entire length.
w
A B
A  0 B  0
L
yA  0 yB  0
wL4
y
384EI

Unsymmetrical Loading
A B
a b
A  0 B  0
L
yA  0 yB  0
Step (1) A fixed beam is considered as a simply beam with the given loading
condition. W
A B
Wb Wa
R1  L
a b R2  L

Step (2) Draw free moment diagram.
Wab
A L B
R1 
Wb a b Wa
R2 
L L
Step (3) A fixed beam is considered as a simply supported beam having fixing
moments at both the ends. Since it is a case of unsymmetrical loading so
unequal fixing moments are required at both ends.
MA MB
A B
R3
a b
R4
R3  R4  0
 MA 
M B  R4 l  M A  0
0
R4 
 MB  M A 
L
R3 
M A  M B 
L
Step (4) Draw the fixing moment diagram.

Let,
A
a b
B
MB
MA

BAarea of (M/EI) Diagram = 0
MA  MB 1 Wab
L .L
2 2
MLA  Wab …………………..(1)
B  L
M
Step (5) deflection at points A & B is zero. So net moment of area in between
A & B is also zero.
Moment of area in between A & B in free moment diagram = moment of area
in between A & B in fixing moment diagram

A1 x 1  A2
x2 L 1 L
 1 Wab  2  Wab  . a  b    M B .L .  L  M A  B ………..(2)
 2 .a.  .
L  3 a   L  3
1

 M 2 2 3

.b.
2 (1) & (2)
From equation
Wab2
MA 
L2
M B  Wa2b
L2

Macaulay's Method
MB
MA
W
A B
L
 A 0 L
 B 0
2 2
yA  0 yB  0
RA RB
Due to symmetry,
RA  RB  R
M A  MB 
M
Q. Determine the maximum bending moment and deflection of a beam of
length L and flexural rigidity is EI. The beam is fixed horizontally at both ends
and carries a concentrated load w at the mid x
span.
Writing general equation M
W A
M B
-
M x  x  M B  RB .x CB W  x  L 2AC
A C
B
EI y
d 2
 A 0 L
L
 B 0
2
dx2  M x  x yA  0 2 yB  0
x
d 2y
EI 2  M B  RB .x CB
dx W  x  L AC
RB
RA
x
On integrating, 2
dy
EI x2  R .
 M .x xL
 ACB 2
W dx AC
2
B B 2
2 Ankit Saxena (saxena01ankit@gmail.com)

At, x 
0 dy

dx
0
A dy0  M .x  R .x2
EI W  x  L
dx B
CB
2
B
2 AC
2 2
Again, integrating w.r.t 'x'
x2
xL
3 6
EI.y  M B x  RB .  B CB AC
2
3
2 6
W
At, x 
0 x2
xL
y0 6
x3 CB
EI.y  M
B0 B  RB . AC
2
3
2 6
W
So the general equation of slope and deflection for the fixed beam for given
loading
condition is given as
- EI dy  M .x  R .x2 W  x  L
dx B
CB
2
AC
B
2
x2 x3 2 2
EI.y  M B  RB .
2 6 xL
CB
6
AC
W 2 3
At x = L, y = 0 & dy/dx = 0
From the above 20equations R BL2
 M B .L we
RB get
.L - W
2
 M B .L  2 
2 8 AC WL2 8
CB
L2 L R L WL3
2 3
2 3
 
0  M B L  RB . L W  M B B
CB
48 AC 2 6 48
2 L3
6
On solving these 2 equations the value of RB and MB is given as -
M B  WL
8
RB  W
2
If we take the section from the end A at a distance of x, we will get the RA and MA
which value is given as -
M A  WL
8
RA  W
2

CONTINUOUS
BEAM

Continuous Beam
1. In continuous beam we used 3 or more than 3 simple
supports.
2. The moment reactions only at the end supports are zero.

MA W1 MB W2 Mc
A B C
L1 L2
RA RB Rc
Note - [ W1 & W2 are acting at mid point of AB & BC

respectively.]
Clapeyron's Three-Moment Equation
(Procedure)
1. Between 3 consecutive supports continuous beam is treated as simply
supported beam with given loading condition.
2. Calculate the support reactions.
W1 S.S.B  W2
S.S.B 1
2
A B C
B
L1 L2
W W W2 W2
RA  21 RB  21 RB  Rc 
2 2
3. Draw the Bending moment diagram for SSB-1 and SSB-
2
W1L1 W2 L2
4 4
A B B C
L1 L2
BMD
BMD
S.S.B  2
S.S.B 1
4. Apply Clapeyron's
equation
M A L1  2M B L1  L2  MC L2   6 A1 x1  6 A2 x2
L1 L2

5. In continuous beam moment reactions at the end support is zero. So moment
reaction at A & C supports are zero.
MA 0
MC  0
6. A1 = Area of BMD for SSB-

1 A2 = Area of BMD for
7. x1 = Distance between centroid of area A1 to the left hand side support
SSB-2
in
BMD-1
. x2 = Distance between centroid of area A2 to the right hand side support in
BMD-2

Applying the given conditions to Clapeyron's three moment
equation M  A
0
1 M CWL0 W L 2
A1  .L . 1 1  1 1
2 1 4 8
1 WL WL2
A2  .L . 2 2  2 2
2 2 4 8
L
x1  21
L
x2  22
WL2 L WL2 L
1 1 1 2 2 2
6. . 6. .
2M B  L1  L2    8 2  8 2
L 1 L 2
3W L 2 3W L 2
2M B  L1  L2   . 81 1 . 82 2

Case [1] If,
L1  L2  L
W1  W2 
W
From the above equation 3WL2
2 .
3WL
8
2M B 8
MB 
16
L 3
.WL
L 
.

Case [2] when continuous beam subjected to uniformly distributed load over its
entire span length.
MA MB Mc
w1
w2
A C
B
L1 L2
RA RB Rc
On simplification the term 

6 A1 x1 6 A2

has become,
x2 L1
6Ax 6A x wL3 wL3
 LL1 1  L2 2   14 1  24 2
2
1 2

SPRING
S

Spring
• Spring is a elastic member which deflect under the action of external load or
couple.
• Due to deflection, spring store the energy and at the required time released
the energy.
Note
 Stiffness or spring constant : It is defined as the force required per unit

deflection.
 Solid length : It is the length of a spring in the fully compressed state when
the coils touch each other.
Helical Spring
"A helical spring is a piece of wire coil in the form of helix."
Helix- when a right angle triangle is wrapped around the circumference of a cylinder
through its base, a helix profile is generated.
Helix angle - The angle made by plane of coil with the horizontal plane which
is perpendicular to the axis of the spring is known as helix angle.
d = wire diameter (mm)
R = mean coil radius (mm)
D = mean coil diameter (mm)

Spring index:
It is the ratio of mean coil diameter [D] to the wire diameter [d]. It is denoted by
'C'.
D
C
d
Types of Helical Spring

Open coil helical spring Closed coil helical spring
1. Coils do not touch each other 1. Coils touch each other.
2. helix angle is generally greater than 2. helix angle generally very
10 degree. small generally less than 5 degree

Note
1. If there are,
Number of active coil =
n
Length of spring = π.D.n

Closed coil helical spring
1. The helix angle is very small.
2. The coils may be assumed to be in a horizontal plane.
3. These spring may be acted upon by axial load or axial toque.
4. Due to axial load, there is axial extension may take place in a spring.
5. Due to axial torque, there is a change in the radius of curvature of the

spring coils.
Note :- Due to axial torque, there is an angular rotation of the free end and
the
action is known as wind-up.
Closed coil helical spring under axial load
W = axial load (N)
D = mean coil diameter (mm)
R = mean coil radius (mm)
d = wire diameter (mm)
θ = total angle of twist along wire (radian)
δ = deflection of W along the spring axis (mm)
n = number of coils
L = length of wire
Torsional torque = W. D/2
Assumptions:
1. Neglect the effect of shear force.
2. Neglect the radius of curvature effect.
16T

d 3
16.W .
 D d 3 2
Torsional shear stress 8WD

 d 3

Angle of twist (θ)
T G

J
L D
W . .L
TL 2
 

GJ
G. 32d 4
16WDL

Gd 4
16WD Dn

Gd 4
16WD L.n
2

Gd 4
Strain Energy [S.E]
1 T 2L
S.E  .
2 GJ
2
W 2 . D Dn
 1 .. 4
2 G.  .d
4 32
4W 2 D3.n
S.E 
Gd 4
Deflection of W along the shaft axis (mm)

[δ] d

dW S.E
 d  4W 2 D3.n
dW 3 Gd 
8WD n
 4
Gd 4

Note
Consider shear stress and radius of curvature
effect. Torsional shear stress is given as-
 8wD
d 3.K
w
Where Kw = Wahl's factor
Kw 4C 1 0.615
 
4C  4 C D
Where C = Spring index, it is given as C
d
-
Closed oil helical spring subjected to axial torque
T = Axial torque
This axial torque become act as bending moment for
spring
wire.
1 M 2
S.E  .
L
2 EI
1 T 2L
 .
2 EI
L  .D.n
1 T 2.D.n
 .
2 EI
32T 2 Dn
S.E 
Ed 4

Angle of twist (θ)
d
 S.E  d  32T 24Dn
dM dM  Ed 
 
64TDn

Ed 4

A close-coiled helical spring is required to absorb 2.25*103 joules of
energy. Determine the diameter of the wire, the mean diameter of the spring and the
number of coils necessary if
1. The maximum stress is not to exceed 400 MN/m2
2. The maximum compression of the spring is limited to 250 mm
3. the mean diameter of the spring can be assumed to be eight times that of the
wire
How would the answers change if appropriate Wahl factors are
introduced? For spring material G = 70 GN/m2.

Q. Show that the ratio of extension per unit axial load to angular rotation per unit
axial torque of a close-coiled helical spring is directly proportional to the square of
the mean diameter, and hence that the constant of proportionality is 1/4 *(1 + ν).
If Poisson's ratio ν = 0.3, determine the angular rotation of a close-coiled helical

spring of mean diameter 80 mm when subjected to a torque of 3 N m, given that
the spring extends 150 mm under an axial load of 250 N.

Springs in Series
1. When two springs of different stiffness are joined end to end, they are said
to be connected in series.
2. For spring in series, the load is the same for both the springs whereas the
deflection is the sum of deflection of each.
 1 2
W W W
 
s s1
s2 1 1
s s 
s  1 2
1 ss  s s1
1 2
s2 (saxena01ankit@gmail.com)
Ankit Saxena
Springs in Parallel
1. When two springs of different stiffness are joined in parallel, they have
the
common deflection and the load is the sum of load taken by each,
i.e., common deflection  W  W1  W2
s s1 s2
W  W1  W2
s  s 1  s 2 
s  s1  s2

Open coiled helical spring subjected to axial load
(W) and axial Torque (T)
Due to this axial load (W) and axial torque (T) both, twisting couple and
bending couple will act in spring wire.

The combined twisting couple is given
as,
T '  WR cos T sin
The combined bending couple is given as,
M
 T cosWR sin
Length of wire is given as,
Dn
L  cos Dn sec

Total strain energy (U) is given as -
M 2L T 2
U 
L2EI 2GJ
U  T cosWR sin L  WR cos T sin L

2 2
2EI 2GJ
Axial Deflection
d
 U
dW

2L T cosWR sinR sin 2L WR cos T sin R cos
 
2EI 2GJ
 cos2 
2 sin2  1 1 
 WR L  GJ  EI   TRL  sincos
  GJ EI
Axial Rotation
d
 dT U
2L T cosWR sincos 2L WR cos T sinsin
 

2EI 2GJ
 1 1   sin2   cos2 
 WRL sincos     TL  
GJ EI  GJ EI 

Stresses
1. The combined twisting couple is given as,
'
Torsional shear stress is given as,
16T

'd 3
2. The combined bending couple is given as,


Bending stress is given as,
32M
 b d 3

THE
END

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DEFLECTION OF

Ankit Saxena (saxena01ankit@gmail.com)

Ankit Saxena (saxena01ankit@gmail.com)

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Ankit Saxena (saxena01ankit@gmail.com)

Again integrating w.r.t 'x'

max C  x0    2EI

1. The magnitude of the slope curve is slope of deflection

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Ankit Saxena (saxena01ankit@gmail.com)

Ankit Saxena (saxena01ankit@gmail.com)

Ankit Saxena (saxena01ankit@gmail.com)

Ankit Saxena (saxena01ankit@gmail.com)

Ankit Saxena (saxena01ankit@gmail.com)

Ankit Saxena (saxena01ankit@gmail.com)

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Ankit Saxena (saxena01ankit@gmail.com)

2. At the mid point, point C [slope = 0]

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1. Maximum deflection occurs in a region between point of application of

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Again integrating w.r.t 'x'

Apply boundary condition, At

From equation (1) WL2

Substitute the value of C1 & C2 in equation (1) & (2)

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For maximum deflection and slope

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L max B  x0  A xL     24EI

Ankit Saxena (saxena01ankit@gmail.com)

1. In Macaulay's method, a single equation is written for the

2. Same integration constants of integration are applicable for all portions.

Ankit Saxena (saxena01ankit@gmail.com)

EI dy  R . x2  C W1.  x  d W2  x  c  d W3  x  b  c  d

W1.  x  d W2  x  c  d W3  x  b  c  d

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Ankit Saxena (saxena01ankit@gmail.com)

Ankit Saxena (saxena01ankit@gmail.com)

Ankit Saxena (saxena01ankit@gmail.com)

Ankit Saxena (saxena01ankit@gmail.com)

Ankit Saxena (saxena01ankit@gmail.com)

Ankit Saxena (saxena01ankit@gmail.com)

U = strain energy [S.E] of beam due to bending moment

Ankit Saxena (saxena01ankit@gmail.com)

Ankit Saxena (saxena01ankit@gmail.com)

Ankit Saxena (saxena01ankit@gmail.com)

Ankit Saxena (saxena01ankit@gmail.com)

Ankit Saxena (saxena01ankit@gmail.com)

Ankit Saxena (saxena01ankit@gmail.com)

Ankit Saxena (saxena01ankit@gmail.com)

B   area of (M/EI) Diagram = 0

Area of free bending moment diagram = area of fixing bending moment

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A1 area between A and C in free moment diagram.

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Ankit Saxena (saxena01ankit@gmail.com)

Step (4) Draw the fixing moment diagram.

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2 Ankit Saxena (saxena01ankit@gmail.com)

Ankit Saxena (saxena01ankit@gmail.com)