PARASITE

• Is an organism that
lives on or in a host
organism and gets its
food from or at the
expense of its host.
 CLASSIFICATION:
• INTESTINAL PARASITE
For a parasite to be defned
as intestinal life cycle
stage, though it may have
life cycle stages in the
heart, circulation,lung,
tissue, of other animals or
environment.
• BLOOD BORN
PARASITE
These are the parasite which are
transmitted through an
anthropod vector.
The most imimportant
anthropod for transmitting
parasitic infection is mosquito.
 PROTOZOA
• Protozoa are microscopic, one-celled
organisms that can be free-living or
parasitic in nature.
• They can multiply in humans, which
contributes to their survival and permits
serious infections to develop from just a
single organism.
• Transmission of protozoa that live in a
human’s intestine to another human
typically occurs through a fecal-oral route.
• Protozoa that live in the blood or tissue of
humans are transmitted to other humans
by an arthropod vector .
 PROTOZOA
• Protozoa are microscopic, one-celled
organisms that can be free-living or
parasitic in nature.
• They can multiply in humans, which
contributes to their survival and permits
serious infections to develop from just a
single organism.
• Transmission of protozoa that live in a
human’s intestine to another human
typically occurs through a fecal-oral route.
• Protozoa that live in the blood or tissue of
humans are transmitted to other humans
by an arthropod vector .
 The protozoa that are infectious to
humans can be classified into four
groups based on their mode of
movement:

•Sarcodina
•Mastigophora
•Ciliophora
•Sporozoa
 HELMINTHS
• Are large, multicellular
organisms that are
generally visible to the
naked eye in their adult
stages.
• In their adult form,
helminths cannot
multiply in humans.
 HELMINTHS
• Are large, multicellular
organisms that are
generally visible to the
naked eye in their adult
stages.
• In their adult form,
helminths cannot
multiply in humans.
•Flatworms (platyhelminths) – these include the trematodes
(flukes) and cestodes (tapeworms).
•Thorny-headed worms (acanthocephalins) – the adult forms of
these worms reside in the gastrointestinal tract.
•Roundworms (nematodes) – the adult forms of these worms
can reside in the gastrointestinal tract, blood, lymphatic system
or subcutaneous tissues. Alternatively, the immature (larval)
states can cause disease through their infection of various body
tissues.
 Ectoparasites
• Arthropods are important
• the term ectoparasites can
broadly include blood-sucking
arthropods this term is
generally used more narrowly
to refer to organisms such as
ticks, fleas, lice, and mites that
attach or burrow into the skin
and remain there for relatively
long periods of time
in causing diseases, but
are even more important
as vectors, or
transmitters, of many
different pathogens that
in turn cause tremendous
morbidity and mortality
from the diseases they
cause.
0
DIFFERENT KINDS OF PARASITE:

• Periodic parasite
• Aberrant parasite
• Specific parasite
0
• Accidental parasite
• Intermittent parasite
• Specific parasite
• Ectoparasite

• Endoparasite
• 0bligate parasite
• Facultive parasite
• Periodic parasite
Parasite which live part
of their lives on a host
and another part of life
outside of the host.
Accidental parasite:
parasite which lives in
an unnatural host.
•Intermittent
Parasite:
Parasite which visits
the host at intervals.
Specific parasite
Parasite which complete the
life cycle in specific host only.
Ectoparasite
Parasite living on the
body surface of the host.
• Endoparasite
Parasite living inside
the body of the host
• Obligate parasite:
Parasite which are
completely depending
the host
• Facultative parasite
Parasite that may
be capable of living
independently,
although they can
obtain nourishment
from the host too.
HOST
 HOST
• The term host mainly refers to a living organism
that acts as a harbour for invading pathogenic
organisms. The host also includes the living cells,
tissue and any specialised organs of a living
organism. The host can be humans, plants and
animals.
 TYPES OF IT:
• Definitive host
• Intermidiate host
• Paratenic host
• Accidental or casual host
• Natural host
• Reservior host or carriers
• Transport host
 Definitive host
• a host in which the parasite
lives in the adult form
Intermidiate host
• a host i which the parasite lives
in the larva form.
 Paratenic host
• a host in which the
parasite lives withouth
undergoing any
development.
Accidental or casual host
• a host in which the
parasite lives by
accident.
Natural host
• a host in which the
parasite lives
naturally.
Reservior host or Carriers
• host which makes the
parasite available for
transmission to other host.
 Transport host
• its a kind of host in which no
development of the immature parasite
occurs. The parasite does not develop
within the transport host, but can be
trasnferred from one host to another.
 HUMAN PHATOGEN PROTOZOON
PARASITE
• RHIZOPODA
• ENTAMOEBA histolytica
• MASTIGOPHORA-- Giardia intestinalis, trichomonuos hominis
• GENITAL FLAGELLATES - Trichomonous vaginalis
• HAEMO FLAGELLATES - Trypanosoma gambiense, Leishmania
donovani
• SPOROZOA - Plasmoduim vivax, Plasmoduim falciparum, plasmoduim
malariae, plasmoduim uvale
• CILIATA - Balantidum coli
ENTAMOEBA HISTOLITICA HABITAT: the organism lives in the mocous
 LIFE CYCLE
• Infection by entamoeba histolytica occurs by ingestion of mature cysts
in the fecally contaminated water, food or hands
• These cytes are reached to the bowel of the human through
cosumption and passed with tools.
• When reaching the stomach the 4 nuclei in the stomach will come out.
Each of the nuclei is sorrounds itself by a bit of protoplasm and forms
amoebula, wich grows and is known as trophozoite.
• These trophozoits are actively motile and move towards the ileosacral
region and affecting the wall of intestine.
• Then these are passed out through faces and the life cycle is repeated.
 CLINICAL FEATURES
• It cause gastro intestinal infection known as amoebiasis.
• The symtoms are:
-dysentry
-bloody diarrhea
-mucouc in stool
-weight loss
-fatigue
-abdominal pain
• When the infection spreaded through the blood means it can cause
infectin to the lungs, brain, spleen and the liver.
 TRANSMISSION
• through human excreta
• food handling by the infected individuals
• through cockroach and house files
 PREVENTION
• Wash hands with soap and water
• Good sanitary practice
• avoid sharing of the personal belongings
• drink the boiled water only
 Giardia intestinales
• otherwise known as giardia lambia or lambia intestinales
Habitat
Lives in the duodenum and upper parts of the small
intestine.
Transmission
Through contaminated water and food unclean hands
Prevention
Drink the boiled water
Check the food and vegetable for any types of fecal contens.
 LAB DIAGNOSIS
Macroscopic examination:
• -dark red stool mixed with blood and mocous
Microscopic examination of the stool:
• used to demonstrate trophozoites or cysts of the organism
CULTURE:
• fresh specimen can be cultured in locks egg albumin medium, craigs medium and
balamuths medium
SEROLOGICAL TEST:
• ELISA, LAT, and indirect haemagglutinaton test
 TREATMENT
• LODOQUINOL paramomycin or diloxanide,foruate are the
drug used incase of asymptomatic infections.

• METRANIDAZOLE is the drug used in symptomatic infections

 TRANSMISSION

• Through human excreta

• Food handling by the infected individuals
• Through cockroach and house flies
 PREVENTION
• Wash hands with soap and water
• Good sanitary practice
• Avoid sharing of the persnal belongings
• Drink the boiled water only.