EHTC

B.NANDHALAL
Engineer Operations
 OBJECTIVE?
To control the steam flow through
the HPCV/IPCV and accordingly the
speed as well as load of the turbine
generator for any operating conditions.
• Start-up
• Loading
• Operation under load
• Shutdown
• Load reduction
 TURBINE CONTROL SYSTEM

• Mechanical Hydraulic Controller • Electro-Hydraulic Controller

 Hydraulic Controller
 Electro-Hydraulic
 Hydraulic Speed
Converter
Governor
 Proportional
 Start-up and Load
Valve
Limiting Device
 Collins
 Hydraulic Amplifier
Transmitter
 Load Rejection
(Feedback)
Relay
TURBINE CONTROL SYSTEM

 As can be seen in
figure, the hydraulic
controller acts via a
hydraulic amplifier,
and the
Electrohydraulic
controller via Electro-
hydraulic converters.
 The output of each of
controller is linked via
an hydraulic MIN
gate.
 This means that the
lower control signal at
any time takes affect
for the hydraulic
actuation system.
 MECHANICAL HYDRAULIC
CONTROLLER
 The hydraulic controller comprises of hydraulic speed governor and a
start-up and load limit device. These two devices are linked via a MIN
gate, with the output from this acting on the hydraulic amplifier and
thereby on the turbine control valves.
 If the hydraulic controller is to govern turbine start-up, the set point for the
Electro-hydraulic controller must be set to 100% to allow the hydraulic
controller to implement turbine control over the entire control range.

 Starting Device 0 – 100% Turbine Speed 0 – 2850RPM

 Speeder Gear 0 – 20% Turbine Speed 2850 –
3000RPM
 Speeder Gear 20 – 100% Load 0 – 525MW
MECHANICAL HYDRAULIC
CONTROLLER
ELECTRO HYDRAULIC CONTROLLER
 Basic arrangement of EHC

1. Speed control loop

2. Load control loop
3. Pressure control loop
 SPEED CONTROL LOOP
 The speed control loop is primarily intended to perform control
of the turbine generator during start-up and during
synchronization with the distribution system.
 While the turbine generator is operating under load the speed
controller serves as an over speed limit controller to keep speed
increases, which result from separation from the grid (e.g. Turbo
generator full load rejections) below the response threshold of
the hydraulic over speed trip device set to approximate 110%
rated speed.
 In case of faults in the load control loop, the speed control loop
may also be used for loading and unloading the turbine
generator.
 Speed reference Nr
 Speed reference time delay NrTD
• TSC MARGIN
• PID controller
 PI ACTIVE
 PD ACTIVE
 Speed Controller
SPEED CONTROL LOOP BLOCK
DIAGRAM
 Speed Reference Nr
 The speed reference Nr is determined by adjusting the speed reference setter(SRS).
 The set point can be changed manually from the turbine control panel. The speed
reference can also be changed in the control cabinet of the EHC at the respective
control module.
 For the entire speed range of 0-3600 rpm the electrical output signal of the SRS(0-
10.8V) is proportional to the speed reference to facilitate fine adjustment of the
speed reference at synchronous speed.
 The rate of change of the SRS is kept lower by a factor of 20 at settings above 2850
RPM.
 Provisions to accept signals from the automatic synchronizer and the automatic
turbine run up system are available. Manual commands to change the set point of
the SRS are executed with priority.
 Two instruments are provided in the turbine control panel one for the entire speed
range of 0-3600 RPM and the second one for the speed range of 2700-3300 RPM to
facilitate fine adjustment.
 In case of turbine trip the speed set point would be automatically brought down by
a factor (Nact -120 RPM).
Speed reference time delay NrTD

 The speed reference Nr is subsequently entered into the Speed Reference

Limiter, which determines the acceleration rate.
 The maximum acceleration allowed is limited to 0-600 rpm/min.
 Control influence to the acceleration rate is involved in two categories,
• It can be adjusted in the control cabinet during initial start up of the
turbine generator.
• Another controlling influence to the acceleration rate is from the
TSE, which may limit the acceleration rate (TSE acquires and
evaluates the thermal stresses evaluated at representative locations of
the turbine casings and shafts, Based on the results obtained, the TSE
prevents excessive thermal stressing of the turbine, but at the same
time allows starting of the turbine with the maximum allowable
acceleration rate, contributing towards optimized operation of the
turbine generator).
 TSC MARGIN
 Depending on the thermal conditions of the turbine casings and shafts, the TSE
may cause the acceleration rate to be reduced to zero or become even negative.
 This feature accordingly would call for maintaining a particular speed or even call
for a reduction of the speed of the turbine generator, requiring a temporary closing
of the control valves.
 The maximum acceleration allowed is limited to 0-600 rpm/min for the TSE
margin of 0-30°K.
 In case of faults or failures in the TSE, the momentary speed output signal of the
SRL is frozen automatically until the fault has been cleared or the input signal
supplied by the TSE is switched off in the control cabinet.
 However if the speed is below 2850 rpm it will run up to 2850 rpm and when it is
above that speed, it freezes at that speed.
 TURBINE STRESS CONTROLLER
INFLUENCE ON REFERENCE LIMITER
TURBINE STRESS CONTROLLER
 SPEED CONTROLLER
 The speed controller is designed to meet the requirements of the turbine control
system during start up, shut down, and incase of load rejections to avoid excessive
speed excursions.
 The input for speed controller is the deviation resulting between SRL output and (N r
lim) and the actual speed Nact.
 The speed controller has a proportional characteristic and hence requires a difference
between the set point (Nr lim) and actual speed Nact always.
 Based upon the difference between the corrected speed signal and the actual speed the
speed controller gives an output as per its droop characteristics.
 The Speed Controller is characterized by 5% droop i.e. if the turbine is to be loaded
with speed controller the speed set point should be set at 3150 RPM when the actual
speed of the turbine is 3000 rpm to open the control valves fully.
 The output of the speed controller goes to the selection circuit CKT and if selected
goes as an input signal for the admission controller.
 the difference between Nr lim and the Nact is more it will give a maximum output. In
order to avoid rapid acceleration and over speeding of turbine during rolling process,
speed controller output is limited to 40%.
 For this action to take place the following conditions should be satisfied:
1. The difference between speed set point and the speed act is more than 60
RPM.
2. Generator Breaker should be in OFF condition.
Block Loading
 To give a positive loading of the turbo generator when the unit is
synchronized an automatic command is give to raise the speed set point
when the generator breaker is closed for 2 sec. This may be approximately
12 to 15 RPM.

Acceleration Rate Monitoring (DN/dt monitoring)

 To avoid the speed of the turbine generator being maintained below 2800
rpm which might coincide with one of the critical speeds, the acceleration
rate of the turbine is monitored in the range from approx. warm up speed
(i.e. 700 RPM to approx. 2850 rpm).
 If DN/dt drops less than 108 rpm/min the SRS automatically runs back to
warm up speed i.e.600 rpm thereby reducing the actual turbine speed.
 Subsequently the SRS has to be set up manually again. Hence for DN/dt
monitoring the following conditions should be satisfied.
1. Generator breaker is in OFF condition
2. Speed set point > 700 rpm and actual speed < 2850 RPM.
 LOAD CONTROL LOOP
 Immediately after synchronization of the Turbine
generator to the grid, the load controller is made to
take across the entire load range of the turbine
generator.
 The main components of the load controller are
• The load reference setter
• The load reference limiter
• The load controller.
 LOAD REFERENCE SETTER
 The load reference PR is determined by adjusting the LRS
from the turbine control desk.
 The load reference can also be changed in the control cabinet
of the EHC at the respective control module.
 For alternate changing of the LRS, provisions are available to
accept lower/raise signals from an Automatic dispatch system
and analog signal from the Boiler Control System
(Combustion Master Control)
 LOAD REFERENCE LIMITER
 The load reference PR is subsequently entered into the LRL, which
determines the loading rate. The following functions are performed by the
LRL.
 The LRL is influenced by a minimum selection between two signals.
1. A load rate limit as required by the evaluation of the desired
loading rate (load gradient) dp/dt in MW/min as set at the Turbine control
desk (2.5 MW/min to 25MW/min). ON/OFF facility is available at the
TCP/Desk for load gradient.
2. The load gradient influenced by the TSE as explained in SRL
(Speed Reference Limiter) TSE influence on load gradient can be switched
ON/OFF at the cabinet. The output signal PR LIM of the LRL is displayed on
an instrument on the turbine control desk.
 LOAD CONTROLLER
 LC exhibits a proportional integral response characteristic.
 When the LC comes into service, the speed set point will follow grid speed
between 48.5 HZ and 50.5 HZ. Beyond these limits, the set point is frozen
at extreme ends.
 However if needed for operational purpose it can be raised/lowered
manually.
 Beyond 8% of the load LC comes into service after synchronization.
 When the load controller is in service and when the throttle Pr. drops to a
value less than 10 KSC from the set pressure control loop will change over
to pressure control.
 Pressure controller will unload the M/C there by it will maintain the set
throttle pressure minus 10 KSC.
 PRESSURE CONTROL LOOP
• Pressure Reference Signal:
 To make sure that PC of the EHC uses the same pressure reference as the
pressure controller of the boiler the EHC is designed to accept the pressure
reference signal from the boiler control.

• Actual Throttle Pressure:

 Again to assure the use of same signal for boiler and turbine controls of
actual throttle pressure, an input is provided within the EHC to accept the
actual throttle pressure as required by boiler control.

• Pressure Controller:
 The EHC Pressure control has got two optional operating modes
1. The Initial pressure mode
2. The Limit pressure mode
• INTIAL PRESSURE MODE:
 For a set throttle pressure of 150 KSC the IP mode will be maintaining 150 KSC
irrespective of the load. Thus depending upon the Boiler conditions the generated
load will be varying where as the pressure remains constant.
 This is also called as turbine follow mode is Turbine follows boiler. Normally IP
mode is selected after a load of 120 MW or after attaining 120 KSC (MSP).

• LIMIT PRESSURE MODE:

 For the same set pressure LP mode is selected the EHC will be in load control
(i.e.) one load will be constant as set by the LRS and pressure would be varying.
Now if the throttle pressure drops to 140 KSC, Pressure control loop will take
over the EH control and maintain the pressure of 140 KSC at the expense of load.
 The input of the pressure controller is the deviation derived from the throttle set
pressure and actual pressure.
 It may so happen that PC demands full close of control valves to maintain throttle
pressure.
 To avoid frequent change over from pressure to load and vice versa a small bias
is added to load controller whenever IP mode is selected so that the LC output
will be slightly more than the pressure controller output.
LOAD REJECTION RELAY
 The load rejection relay assists the electro
hydraulic controller to ensure that the speed of
the turbine generator cannot reach the trip
setting for the hydraulic overspeed trips under
any circumstances.
 Load rejection relay acts on the turbine control
system before the significant speed increase by
observing change in electrical generator load .
 Sudden unloading of the turbine generator are
acquired promptly by electrical means via the
load rejection relay and converted into an
electrical pulse
 This pulse is used to actuate the solenoid
valves in the control fluid circuit for the
control valves, switching to drain Aux.
secondary oil and IP secondary oil.
 After this speed increase has stabilized , the
electro hydraulic controller opens these valves
again to a position corresponding to the new
generator load or to the speed set point..
 LOAD REJECTION RELAY

IP Sec. oil
THANK YOU