“Tell me and I forget, teach me and I may remember, involve me and I learn”

–Benjamin Franklin

Wireless Communication (BTEC-601-18)

Presented by:
Himani Chugh
Asst. Professor
 Syllabus
• Unit 1: Elements of Cellular Radio Systems Design: Basic cellular system, Performance
criteria, Components and Operation of cellular systems, Planning a cellular system, Analog
& Digital cellular systems, Concept of frequency reuse channels, Co-channel interference,
Reduction factor, desired C/I for a normal case in an omni directional antenna system, Cell
splitting.
• Unit 2: Digital Communication through fading multipath channels: Fading channels and
their characteristics-Channel modelling, Digital signalling over a frequency non selective
slowly fading channel. Concept of diversity branches and signal paths. Combining methods:
Selective diversity combining, Switched combining, Maximal ratio combining, Equal gain
combining.
• Unit 3: Multiple Access Techniques for Wireless Communications: Introduction, Frequency
Division Multiple Access (FDMA), Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA), Spread Spectrum
Multiple Access, Space Division Multiple Access(SDMA), Packet Radio Protocols; Pure
ALOHA, Slotted ALOHA.
• Unit 4: Wireless Systems & Standards: AMPS and ETACS, United states digital cellular (IS-54
& IS 136),IEEE Standards, Global system for Mobile (GSM): Services, Features, System
Architecture and Channel Types, Frame Structure for GSM, Speech Processing in GSM,
GPRS/EDGE specifications and features. 3G systems: UMTS & CDMA 2000 standards and
specifications. CDMA Digital standard (IS 95): Frequency and Channel specifications,
Forward CDMA Channel, Reverse CDMA Channel, Wireless Cable Television.
• Unit 5: Evolution of Communication Generations :Introduction to Bluetooth, Zigbee, LTE-
Advance systems, 4G & 5G Mobile techniques and Emerging technologies
 Cellular System
• A cellular network or mobile network is a communication
network where the last link is wireless. The network is
distributed over land areas called "cells“
• Cell is the geographical region that is covered by a
transmission facility.
• these cells provide radio coverage over a wide geographic
area. This enables numerous portable transceivers (e.g.,
mobile phones, tablets and laptops equipped with mobile
broadband modems to communicate with each other and
with fixed transceivers and telephones anywhere in the
network, via base stations, even if some of the transceivers
are moving through more than one cell during transmission.
 Cellular System
• A cellular mobile communications system uses a large
number of low-power wireless transmitters to create cells
• the basic geographic service area of awireless
communications system.
• Variable power levels allow cells to be sized according to
the subscriber density and demand within a particular
region.
• As mobile users travel from cell to cell, their
conversations are "handed off" between cells in order to
maintain seamless service
 Conventional Cellular System
• In Con­ventional mobile telephone systems
available frequency spectrum is divided into
mobile radio telephone channels using FDM
without reuse facility, serving an area with
large size
• A dedicated channel is allocated for each user,
whether uses it or not.
Limitations of Conventional Cellular System

• Limited service capability- One frequency per channel

and the number of active users is limited to the number
of channels assigned to a particular frequency zone. The
user need to reinitiate the call when moving into a new
zone because the call will be dropped (i.e. no auto
handoff).

• Poor service performance- The blocking probability is

high during busy hours in con­ventional mobile telephone
systems
• Inefficient frequency spectrum utilization
 Cellular System
• The Cellular system is developed to overcome
the limitations in the conventional mobile
telephone systems. In this large area is divided
into cells with 2 to 50 km diameter, available
spectrum is divided into discrete channels
which are assigned in groups to geographic
cells covering an area and the frequencies are
reused.
Cell Shape
 Cell Shape
• The coverage area of cellular networks are
divided into cells, each cell having its own
antenna for transmitting the signals. Each cell
has its own frequencies. Data communication
in cellular networks is served by its base
station transmitter, receiver and its control
unit.
Cell Shape
 Cell Shape
• Square
– Width d cell has four neighbors at distance d and four at distance 2 d
– Better if all adjacent antennas equidistant
• Simplifies choosing and switching to new antenna
Cell Shape
 Cell Shape
– Distance between centers of cells radius R is 3 R
– Not always precise hexagons
• Topographical limitations
• Location of antennas
 Cell Shape
• Cellular networks use a networked array of transceiver base stations , each
located in a cell to cover the networking services in a certain area. Each
cell is assigned a small frequency band and is served by a base station.
• Neighboring cells are assigned different frequencies to avoid interference.
However, the transmitted power is low, and frequencies can be reused
over cells separated by large distances. The hexagonal pattern of a cell is
chosen so that the distance d between the centers of any two adjacent
cells becomes the same. Distance d is given by

where r is the cell radius. A typical practical value for the cell radius is 3 km to
5 km.
 Basic Cellular System
A basic cellular system consists of
Mobile units:
A mobile telephone unit contains a control unit, a transceiver, and an antenna
system.
Cell site:
The cell site provides interface between the MTSO and the mobile units. It has a
control unit, radio cabinets, antennas, a power plant, and data terminals.
MTSO:
Mobile Telephone Switching Office. The switching office is the central
coordinating element for all cell sites, contains the cellular processor and cellular
switch. It interfaces with telephone company zone offices, controls call proc­
essing, and handles billing activities.
Connections:
The radio and high-speed data links connect the three subsystems. it can be any
one in the entire band assigned by the serving area. Each site having multichannel
capabilities that can connect simultane­ously to many mobile units.
 Basic Cellular System
A basic cellular system consists of
Mobile units:
A mobile telephone unit contains a control unit, a
transceiver, and an antenna system.
Cell site:
The cell site provides interface between the MTSO and
the mobile units. It has a control unit, radio cabinets,
antennas, a power plant, and data terminals.
MTSO:
Mobile Telephone Switching Office. The switching
office is the central coordinating element for all cell
sites, contains the cellular processor and cellular
switch. It interfaces with telephone company zone
offices, controls call proc­essing, and handles billing
activities.
Connections:
The radio and high-speed data links connect the three
subsystems.. Each site having multichannel capabilities
that can connect simultane­ously to many mobile units.
Basic Cellular System
 Performance Criteria
• Voice quality
• Service quality-
Three items are required for service quality.
Coverage. The system should serve an area as large as possible. Higher the
transmitted power, harder it becomes to control interference.
Required grade of service. To decrease the blocking probability requires a
good system plan and a sufficient number of radio channels.
Number of dropped calls. During Q calls in an hour, if a call is dropped and Q -
1 calls are completed, then the call drop rate is 1/Q. This drop rate must be
kept low. A high drop rate could be caused by either coverage problems or
handoff problems related to inadequate channel availability.
• Special features:
System would like to provide as many special features as possible, such as call
forwarding, call waiting, voice stored (VSR) box, automatic roaming, or
navigation services
 ANALOG CELLULAR SYSTEM
• 1 G / First Generation Cellular system.
• Evolved in early 80s.
• Called AMPS-ADVANCED MOBILE PHONE SYSTEM
• Released in 1983.
• Employed in North & South America, China, Australia etc

• General Specifications-
• Base Stn Tx Band869-894 MHz
• M U Tx Band 824-849 MHz
• Cell Size Radius 2-20 Km
• Data Transmission Rate 10Kbps
 ANALOG CELLULAR SYSTEM
Limitations of AMPS
• Low calling Capacity
• Poor Data Communication
• Limited Spectrum
 Digital CELLULAR SYSTEM
GSM –GLOBAL SYSTEM FOR MOBILE COMMUNICATIONS.
YEAR INTRODUCED 1990
ACCESS METHOD TDMA
BASE STN TX CH 935-960 M Hz
M U TX CH890- 915 M Hz

Features-
More capacity.
Ensures rapid call set up
Notifies you of another call at the same time as on a call.
Can place a call on hold while one accesses another call.
Allows location/ cell-specific reception of text msgs.
Analog V/s Digital Cellular System
 Frequency Reuse
• The basic idea of frequency reuse is that if a channel of a certain frequency
covers an area, the same frequency can be reused to cover another area. The
transmission power of the antenna in a cell is limited to avoid energy from
escaping into neighboring cells. We define a reuse cluster of cells as N cells in
which no frequencies are identical. Two co-channel cells are then referred to
two cells in which a frequency in one cell is reused in the other one.
 FREQUENCY REUSE CONCEPT
Consider cellular system with T duplex channels available, let each
cell be allocated a group of k channels(k<s) and if the K channels
are divided among N cells.
Available radio channels can be expressed as
T = KN
The N cells which collectively use the complete set of available
frequencies is called a cluster.
If it is replicated M times within the system, total no.of duplex
channels:
C, can be used as a measure of capacity and is given by
C = MKN
= MT
N = Cluster size and typically equal to 4,7,12.