THERMAL POWER PLANTS (MEEN 804 )

GAS TURBINES

Dr. M. U. Kaisan FSEM, MIAE, RE (COREN) MWSSET

mukaisan@abu.edu.ng, engineer.Kaisan@gmail.com
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria
February 13, 2024 2022/23 Session 1
 Course Outline
• Types and Features of modern day gas turbines for various duties (Aeronautical,
Process, Marine and Power)

• Requirement and criteria of merit for above uses

• Effects of performance of main cycle variables (Pressure Ratio and and Turbine
Inlet Temperatures)

• Effects of Component efficiencies and pressure losses

• Effects of inter cooling, reheat, heat exchanges and use of semi-perfect gas
properties

•February
Features
13, 2024
of gas turbine combustion chamber and their performance 2
 INTRODUCTION
• Gas turbines, also known as gas turbine engines or combustion turbines, are a
type of internal combustion engine.

• They are widely used in a variety of applications, including power generation,

aviation, and industrial processes.

• Gas turbines operate on the principles of thermodynamics and the Brayton cycle,
which consists of four main processes: compression, combustion, expansion, and
exhaust

• Working Principle: Gas turbines work by compressing air, mixing it with fuel
and igniting the mixture to create high-speed, high-temperature exhaust gases.
These gases expand through a series of turbine blades, which drives a shaft
connected
February 13, 2024 to a generator or mechanical device. 3
 Introduction…

• Key Components:

• Compressor: This component compresses incoming air to increase its

pressure and temperature.

• Combustion Chamber: The compressed air is mixed with fuel and ignited
in the combustion chamber to produce high-energy, high-temperature
gases.

• Turbine: The high-temperature gases expand through the turbine, driving

the rotating blades. The energy extracted from the gases is used to power
the compressor and often a mechanical load, such as a generator or
propulsion system.
February 13, 2024 4
 Introduction…
• The overall performance of an open gas turbine can be judged with the knowledge of the
main design parameters, but this is quite challenging due to the limited data available
from the manufacturers.

• The turbine manufacturers usually provide data about the turbine interface. However, the
data required to analyze the thermodynamic quality of the gas turbine remains hidden.

• This has made it paramount on Design Engineers to have a broader knowledge of Gas
Turbines

• Gas turbines are common power generators which are used mainly in power generation
systems and propulsion systems. Most of the gas turbines are internal combustion engines.

• The sizes of gas turbines can vary from 500kW to 250MW according to their applications
(Energy and Environmental Analysis. Especially for high power applications the gas
turbines are widely used compared to conventional reciprocating engines due to its high
5
power density.
February 13, 2024
 Introduction…
• Absence of the reciprocating and rubbing members inside the gas
turbine is also a positive point compared to reciprocating engine and
that enhances gas turbines‟ reliability.

• During the design stage of any gas turbine, the thermodynamic

properties influencing the gas turbine performances are optimized.

• The five main parameters that are sufficient for installation

requirements of a turbine are pressure ratio, gas turbine
output, overall efficiency, gas turbine exhaust temperature
and exhaust mass flow rate.
February 13, 2024 6
 Introduction

TURBINES: These are machines that extract fluid power

from Various fluids:
Steam
Water •H
•G igh P
Wind •E ener ress
xp a u
an ted re, H
Gas -
ds in
thr side igh T
Air ou e
- c ra gh the e mpe
a s ng rat
- Pow ft Eng pe ine ure
Ga - Cars er Ge ines cia
lly ga
s
sT Ma ne de
ur rin rat sig
bi n e ion ne
es dT
UR
BI N
E

February 13, 2024 7

 ANTIQUES OF GAS TURBINES
Invented in 1930 by Frank Whittle
Patented in 1934
1. Used in aircraft engines
• First used for aircraft propulsion in 1942 on Me262 by Germans during
second world war
• Currently most of the aircrafts and ships use gas turbine engines
2. Used for power generation
• Manufacturers: General Electric, Pratt &Whitney, SNECMA, Rolls Royce,
Honeywell,
MAJORSiemens GAS –TURBINE
Westinghouse,ENGINE
Alstom, in India Kaveri Engine by
COMPONENTS
1. GTRE
Inlet: (DRDO)
Continuously draw air into engine through inlet. Slows, or diffuses, to
compressor
2. Compressor / Fan:
Compresses air
Generally two, or three, compressors in series
Raises stagnation temperature and pressure (enthalpy) of flow
February 13, 2024 8
Work is done on the air
 3. Combustor:
• Combustion or burning processes
• Adds fuel to compressed air and burns it
• Converts chemical to thermal energy
• Process takes place at relatively constant
4. Turbine: pressure
• Generally two or three turbines in series
• Turbine powers, or drives, the compressor
• Air is expanded through turbine (P & T ↓)
• Work is done by the air on the blades
• Use some of that work to drive compressor
• Expand in a nozzle
• Convert thermal to kinetic energy (turbojet)
• Burning may occur in duct downstream of
turbine (afterburner)
• Expand through another turbine
• Use this extracted work to drive a fan
February 13, 2024 9
 • 5. Nozzle:
• Flow is ejected back into the atmosphere, but with
increased momentum
• Raises velocity of exiting mass flow
PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION
• Intake
– Slow down incoming air
– Remove distortions
• Compressor
– Dynamically Compress air
• Combustor
– Heat addition through chemical reaction
• Turbine
– Run the compressor
• Nozzle/ Free Turbine
– Generation of thrust power/shaft power
Figure 1: Gas Turbine
February 13, 2024 10
 How Gas Turbines Engines work

• Energy is added to the gas Clip 1: How Turbines Engines Work

stream
• Combustion increases the
temperature, velocity, and
volume of the gas flow
• Turbine rotates, powering
the compressor
• Energy is then extracted in
the form of shaft power,
compressed air and thrust

February 13, 2024 11

 Open and Closed Gas Turbines
Fuel supply

Combustion chamber
Compressor Turbine Load

Air in Exhaust

Figure 2. Open Gas Figure 3. Closed Gas

Turbine Turbine
• An arrangement like in figure 2. where the turbine exhaust is not re-used (open cycle), is
simple but may not be thermally efficient.
• A closed cycle, Fig. 3 which employs a secondary fluid with desirable properties) may
produce better thermal efficiency, but the plant would have lost its simplicity.
• In February
a nuclear
13, 2024
gas turbine where the primary fluid may be radio active the use of closed
12
 THERMODYANMICS: BRAYTON CYCLE MODEL

Figure 4. Bryton Cycle

February 13, 2024 13
 Brayton Cycle

Figure 5. Idealized Bryton Cycle

Gas turbines are described thermodynamically by the
Brayton cycle
• In this cycle:
1. air is compressed isentropically
2. combustion occurs at constant pressure
February 13, 2024 3. heated air expands through the turbine 14
 Advantages

• Great power-to-weight ratio compared to

reciprocating engines.
• More size efficient :Smaller than their
reciprocating counterparts of the same power.
• Lower emission levels
• Quick Startup 1995: Boeing 777, FAA Certified

• Moves in one direction only, with fewer

moving parts
• Low operating pressures
• High operation speeds
• Low lubricating oil cost and consumption
1958: Boeing 707, United States' first commercial jet airliner

February 13, 2024 15

 Disadvantages
• More expensive compared to a similar-sized reciprocating engine:
– high speeds and high operating temperatures
– Design and Manufacture of GT is a tough problem from both the engineering and
materials standpoint
• Tend to use more fuel when they are idling. Usually less efficient than reciprocating
engines, especially at idle
• They prefer a constant rather than a fluctuating load.
• More complex machining operations
• Delayed response to changes in power settings
• High fuel consumption: Gas turbines can be less fuel-efficient at partial load compared
to other power generation technologies like combined-cycle power plants.
• High operating temperatures: The high temperatures in gas turbines can place
significant stress on materials, necessitating advanced cooling and materials
technology.
February 13, 2024 16
 Uses of Gas Turbines
Applicati
• ons: power jet engines in
Aircraft: Gas turbines • Marine: Gas turbines are employed
aircraft, providing thrust for propulsion. in naval and commercial ships for
• Helicopters Commercial Aircrafts propulsion.
Low emissions
• Chemical Rocket Engines • Ships
High Thrust
• Military Aircrafts Low Weight • 4 GE LM-2500 Gas Turbines
• High Thrust Fuel Economy • 80,000 Shaft Horsepower
• Low Weight • Marine turbines, yachts,
• Power Generation: Gas turbines are used in • Industrial: They are used in various
power plants to generate electricity. They can industrial applications, such as
be part of combined-cycle power plants, providing mechanical power for
where waste heat is used to drive a steam pumps, compressors, and electrical
turbine, improving overall efficiency. generators.
• Fuel Economy • Cars
• February
Low13,Emissions
2024 • Race Cars
• Alternative fuels
 Gas Turbines Cars

February 13, 2024 18

Plate 1: GT Engine in a Car
February 13, 2024 19
 Ship Use: Navy-Ticonderoga Class
• 4 GE LM-2500
Gas Turbines
• 80,000 Shaft
Horsepower

Plate 2: GT Engine in a Ship

February 13, 2024 20

Plate 3: Section of GT Engine in a Ship
 AIRCRAFT ENGINE BASICS

• All aircraft engines are HEAT ENGINES

• Utilize thermal energy derived from combustion of fossil fuels to produce
mechanical energy in form of kinetic energy of an exhaust jet
• Momentum excess of exhaust jet over incoming airflow produces thrust
• Thrust = Force = Time Rate Change of Momentum
• In studying these devices two types of modeling are employed
1. Fluid Mechanic
• Relate changes in pressure, temperature and velocity of air to physical characteristics of engine
2. Thermodynamic (Cycle Analysis)
• Thermal → mechanical energy from thermal is studied using thermodynamics
• Study change in thermodynamic state of air as passed through engine
• Geometry of engine NOT important, but rather processes are important

February 13, 2024 21

 How Jets Engine Works
Clip 2: GT Engine in an Airplane

February 13, 2024 22

 Thank You for Listening

February 13, 2024 23