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Quantization ADCS
Quantization ADCS
Quantization ADCS
It was discussed in the previous lecture that the disadvantage of using uniform
quantization is that low amplitude signals are drastically effected.
This fact can be observed by considering the simulation results in the next four
slides.
In both cases two signals with a similar shape, but different amplitudes, are
applied to the same quantizer with a spacing of 0.0625 between two quantization
levels.
The effects of quantization on the low amplitude signal are obviously more
significant than on the high amplitude signal.
1
Uniform Quantization
Max Amplitude = 1
Input Signal 1.
2
Uniform Quantization
Input Signal 2.
4
Uniform Quantization
m 2 (t )
SN q R 3L2
mˆ 2p
This equation verifies the discussion on slide-1 that SNqR for a low
amplitude signal is quite low. Therefore, the effect of quantization noise on
such audio signals should be noticeable. Lets consider the case of voice
signals (see next slide)
7
Uniform Quantization
Click on the following links to listen to a sample voice signal. First play “voice file-1”;
then play “voice file-1 Quantized”. Do you notice the degradation in voice quality?
This degradation can be attributed to uniformly spaced quantization levels.
Note: You may not notice the difference between the two clips if you are using
small laptop speakers. You should use either headphones or larger speakers.
8
Uniform Quantization
More insight into signal degradation can be gained by looking at the voice signal’s
Histogram. A histogram shows the distribution of values of data. Figure-2 below shows
the histogram of the voice signal-1. Most of the values have low amplitude and occur
around zero. Therefore, for voice signals uniform quantization will result in signal
degradation.
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Non-uniform Quantization
The combined effect of the compressor and the uniform quantizer is that of
a non-uniform quantizer. (see figure 3.)
At the receiver the voice signal is restored to its original form by using an
expander.
11
Non-uniform Quantization (Companding)
y=g(x)
-1
x=m(t)/mp
1
-1
A-Law (USA)
1 m(t )
y ln(1 )
ln(1 ) mp
Where,
m(t )
0 1
mp
The value of ‘µ’ used with 8-bit quantizers for voice signals is 255
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Non-uniform Quantization (Companding)
m(t ) mˆ (t )
15
Non-uniform Quantization (Companding)
Compressor Uniform Quantizer Expander
m(t ) mˆ (t )
16
Non-uniform Quantization (Companding)
Uniform Quantizer
m(t ) mˆ (t )
Lets have a look at the histogram of the compressed voice signal. In contrast to the
histogram of the uncompressed signal (figure-2) you can see that the values are now
more distributed. Therefore, it can be said that the compressor changes the histogram/
pdf of the voice signal from gaussian (bell shape) to a uniform distribution (shown
below).
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Fig-4-a Signal at Compressor Input Fig-4-b Signal at Compressor Output
Non-Uniform Quantization
Where is the Compression..???
The compression here occurs in the amplitude values. An intuitive way of explaining this
compression in amplitudes is to say that the amplitudes of the compressed signal are
more closely spaced (compressed) in comparison to the original signal. This can also be
observed by looking at the waveform of the compressed signal (fig-4-b). The
compressor boosts the small amplitudes by a large amount. However, the large
amplitude values receive very small gain and the maximum value remains the same.
Therefore, the small values are multiplied by a large gain and are spaced relatively
closer to the large amplitude values.
A parameter which can be used to measure the degree of compression here is the
Dynamic range. “The Dynamic Range is the ratio of maximum and minimum value of a
variable quantity such as sound or light” [ ].
In the simulations the Dynamic Range (DR) of the compressor input = 41.45 dB
Whereas Dynamic Range (DR) of compressor output = 13.95 dB
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Reference Text Books
1. Lecture Notes “Advanced Digital Communications” by Dr. Norbert Goertz. MSc
Signal Processing & Communication January 2007, The University of Edinburgh.
2. “Modern Digital & Analog Communications” 3rd Edition by B. P. Lathi.
3. “Digital & Analog Communication Systems” 6 th Edition by Leon W. Couch, II.
4. “Communication Systems” 4th Edition by Simon Haykin.
5. “Analog & Digital Communication Systems” by Martin S. Roden.
6. Sample voice file taken from CD of Digital Signal Processing a Computer Based
Approach By S. K. Mitra.
Note: With the exception of figures on slides 06 and 14 all figures have been sketched
by Hassan Aqeel Khan. The voice files have been generated by using Matlab 7.
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