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Lecture 05
Lecture 05
Lecture 05
Lecture 05
Dr. Tarem Ahmed
BOOLEAN ALGEBRA
Boolean Algebra
• Like any other deductive mathematical system,
defined with a set of elements, a set of
operators, and a number of postulates and
axioms.
For every x, y in B:
x+y=y+x
x.y=y.x
For every x, y, z in B:
(x + y) + z = x + (y + z) = x + y + z
(x . y) . z = x .( y . z ) = x . y . z
For 0 and 1:
0 + x = x + 0 = x
1 . x = x . 1 = x
For every x, y, z in B:
x . (y + z) = (x . y) + (x . z)
x + (y . z) = (x + y) . (x + z)
Principle of Duality
Every valid Boolean expression (equality)
remains valid if the operators and identity
elements are interchanged, as follows:
+.
10
Example: Given the expression
a + (b.c) = (a+b).(a+c)
its Dual Expression is
a . (b+c) = (a.b) + (a.c)
Duality
• Parenthesis Highest
• NOT
• AND
• OR Lowest
Venn Diagram
• Venn Diagrams for Boolean Algebra
Proving Equivalence using Truth
Tables
Examples: x
0
y
0
z
0
F1
0
F2
0
F3
0
F4
0
F1 = xyz' 0 0 1 0 1 1 1
0 1 0 0 0 0 0
F2 = x + y'z 0 1 1 0 0 1 1
F3 = (x'y'z)+(x'yz)+(xy') 1 0 0 0 1 1 1
1 0 1 0 1 1 1
F4 = xy'+x'z 1 1 0 1 1 0 0
1 1 1 0 1 0 0
• To generate the Truth Table for complex functions:
• Generate intermediate columns first!
• (Not shown here)
Practice now: F1, F2, F4…
• F3 = (x'y'z)+(x'yz)+(xy')
= x’y’z+x’yz+xy’
= x’z(y’+y)+xy’
= x’z(1)+xy’
= x’z+xy’
= F4
PRACTICE PROBLEMS
Examples 1:
a) Simplify to minimum number of literals (variables):
xy+xy’
b) Reduce to minimum number of literals:
BC+AC’+AB+BCD
Solutions 1
• a) xy+xy’ = x(y+y’) = x.(1) = x
• b) BC+AC’+AB+BCD = BC+BCD+AC’+AB
= BC(1+D)+AC’+AB
= BC(1)+AC’+AB
= BC+AB+AC’
= BC+BA+AC’
= B(C+A)+AC’
Examples 2:
Simplify the following expressions
1. x+x’y
2. x(x’+y)
3. x’y’z+x’yz+xy’
Solutions 2
3. x’y’z+x’yz+xy’ = x’z(y’+y)+xy’=x’z+xy’
Examples 3:
Simplify the following Boolean expressions to a
minimum number literals:
• a) (x + y)(x + y′)
• b) xyz + x′y + xyz′
• c) (A+B)′(A′+B′)′
Solutions 3
a) (x+y)(x+y′) = xx + xy′ + yx+yy′ = x + xy′ + xy + 0 = x (1+ y′ + y) =
x.1= x
c) [(x+y′+z)(x′+z′)(x+y)]′ = (x+y′+z)′+(x′+z′)′+(x+y)
′= x′yz′ + xz + x′y′
Notes
• Reading
– Mano and Kime, Ch 2-2
• HW2
– Mano and Kime, Ch 2-2
– Will be posted today