Using a truth table, which of the following

can be verified as a tautology?

A. 𝑝 ∧∼ 𝑝 B. 𝑝 → 𝑞
C. 𝑝 ∨∼ 𝑝 D. ∼ 𝑝 → ~ 𝑞
Valid Arguments and Fallacies
Rule of addition
Modus Ponens
Modus Tollens
Modus Tollens
Disjunctive Syllogism
Hypothetical
Syllogism
Hypothetical
Syllogism
 Sample of Direct Proof
Assume that a and b are odd integers. Then a
and b can be written as a = 2c + 1 and b = 2d + 1
where c and d are also, integers.
a + b = 2c + 1 + 2d + 1 Substitution

= 2c + 2d + 2 Associative and
Commutative Properties
= 2(c + d + 1) Distributive Property

Because a + b is twice another integer (c + d + 1),

Sample of Indirect Proof
or Contrapositive
Proof by Contradiction
COUNTEREXAMPLE | HOW TO DISPROVE A STATEMENT

Counterexample
COUNTEREXAMPLE | HOW TO DISPROVE A STATEMENT

Counterexample

o.n.- original number