Unit 5 —

Application areas of IoT: Home Automation, smart

lighting, home intrusion detection, smart cities,
smart parking, environment, weather monitoring
system, agriculture.

[Sensor Technology, Participatory Sensing, Industrial

IOT, Actuator, Sensor Data Communication Protocols,
Radio Frequency Identification technology, Wireless
Sensor Network Technology]

Dr. Nitika Vats Doohan

 Actuator

An actuator is a component of a machine that is

responsible for moving and controlling a mechanism or
system, for example by opening a valve. In simple terms, it
is a "mover".
An actuator requires a control signal and a source of
energy.
An actuator is a motor that converts energy into
torque which then moves or controls a mechanism or a
system into which it has been incorporated. It can introduce
motion as well as prevent it. An actuator typically runs on
electric or pressure (such as hydraulic or pneumatic).
 Sensor Technology
Sensors are now found in a wide variety of applications, such
as smart mobile devices, automotive systems, industrial control,
healthcare, oil exploration and climate monitoring. Sensors are
used almost everywhere, and now sensor technology is
beginning to closely mimic the ultimate sensing machine @ the
human being.
A sensor is a device that detects and responds to some
type of input from the physical environment. The specific input
could be light, heat, motion, moisture, pressure, or any one of a
great number of other environmental phenomena.
The Internet of things (IoT) is the network of physical
devices, vehicles, home appliances and other items embedded
with electronics, software, sensors, actuators, and connectivity
which enables these objects to connect and exchange data.
 Sensor Technology
A smart sensor is a device that takes input from the physical
environment and uses built-in compute resources to perform
predefined functions upon detection of specific input and then
process data before passing it on.
The main difference between sensor and transducer is
that a transducer is a device that can convert energy from one
form to another, whereas a sensor is a device that can detect a
physical quantity and convert the data into an electrical signal.
Sensors are also a type of transducers.
Sensory information (vision, hearing, smell, taste, and touch) is
gathered from one's surroundings and travels through the
peripheral nervous system to the brain for processing and
response.
Leveraging Sensor Fusion for the IOT
Context Awareness--
Sensor fusion, along with embedded processing and
connectivity, enables context awareness, and context
awareness enables a new world of services.
Context is defined as the circumstances or facts that
form the setting for an event, statement, situation or idea.
Context-aware apps examine who, where, when and
what, and the software designer uses this contextual
information to determine why a situation is happening and then
encodes some action in the application.

Based on this definition, the four most important categories of

information to formulate a context-aware action are:

•Identity
•Location
•Time
•Activity
The interactions (and interfaces) between human being, nature
and environment and machine/infrastructure provide valuable
data points for determining context awareness, including:

The human being

•Motion, posture and strides, Reaction to stimuli, Emotions under
given conditions, Biometrics at any given time

The ambient environment

•Location, Altitude, Temperature, Humidity, Light, Sound, Smell

Infrastructure/machines being used by the person

•Trajectory, Impact, Velocity, Feedback, Vibration and gyration,
Structural integrity related changes
 Participatory Sensing
Participatory sensing is the process whereby individuals and
communities use ever more capable mobile phones and cloud
services to collect and analyze systematic data for use in
discovery.
Participatory sensing is the concept of communities (or other
groups of people) contributing sensory information to form a
body of knowledge.
Participatory sensing can be used to retrieve information
about the environment, weather, urban mobility, congestion as
well as any other sensory information that collectively forms
knowledge.
 Common architectural components for participatory-sensing applications,
including mobiledevice, data capture, personal data stream storage, and
leveraged data processing.
 Industrial IOT (IIOT)
• IIoT incorporates machine learning and big data technology,
harnessing the sensor data, machine-to-machine (M2M)
communication and automation technologies that have
existed in industrial settings for years.
• The driving philosophy behind the IIoT is that smart machines
are better than humans at accurately, consistently capturing
and communicating data.
• This data can enable companies to pick up on inefficiencies
and problems sooner, saving time and money and supporting
business intelligence efforts.
• In manufacturing specifically, IIoT holds great potential for
quality control, sustainable and green practices, supply chain
traceability and overall supply chain efficiency.
 Industrial IOT (IIOT)
The Industrial Internet of Things originally described the IoT
(Internet of Things) as it is used across several industries such
as manufacturing, logistics, oil and gas, transportation,
energy/utilities, mining and metals, aviation and other industrial
sectors and in use cases which are typical to these industries.
 IIoT use cases and business contexts
• Smart factory applications and smart warehousing.
• Predictive and remote maintenance.
• Freight, goods and transportation monitoring.
• Connected logistics.
• Smart metering and smart grid.
• Smart environment solutions.
• Smart city applications.
• Smart farming and livestock monitoring.
• Industrial security systems
• Energy consumption optimization
• Industrial heating, ventilation, and air conditioning
• Manufacturing equipment monitoring.
• Asset tracking and smart logistics.
• Ozone, gas and temperature monitoring in industrial environments.
• Safety and health (conditions) monitoring of workers.
• Asset performance management
• Remote service, field service, remote maintenance and control use
cases.
IIOT -- the major challenges
IIoT adoption: the driving benefits of the
Industrial Internet of Things

• Improving operational efficiency.

• Improving productivity.
• Creating new business opportunities.
• Reducing downtime.
• Maximizing asset utilization.
Sensor Data Communication Protocol
1. APPLICATION LAYER PROTOCOLS FOR WSNs
a) Sensor Management Protocol,
b) Task Assignment and Data Advertisement Protocol, and
c) Sensor Query and Data Dissemination Protocol
a) SMP is a management protocol that provides the software
operations needed to perform the following administrative tasks:
• Introducing the rules related to data aggregation, attribute-based
naming and clustering to the sensor nodes,
• Exchanging data related to the location finding algorithms,
• Time synchronization of the sensor nodes,
• Moving sensor nodes,
• Turning sensor nodes on and off,
• Querying the sensor network configuration and the status of
nodes, and re-configuring the sensor network, and
• Authentication, key distribution and security in data
communications.
Sensor Data Communication Protocol
1. APPLICATION LAYER PROTOCOLS FOR WSNs

b) Task Assignment and Data Advertisement Protocol--

Here, users send their interest to a sensor node, a subset of the

nodes or whole network.
This interest may be about a certain attribute of the phenomenon
or a triggering event. Another approach is the advertisement of
available data in which the sensor nodes advertise the available
data to the users, and the users query the data which they are
interested in. An application layer protocol that provides
the user software with efficient interfaces for interest
dissemination is useful for lower layer operations, such as routing.
Sensor Data Communication Protocol
1. APPLICATION LAYER PROTOCOLS FOR WSNs

c) Sensor Query and Data Dissemination Protocol (SQDDP)--

It provides user applications with interfaces to issue queries,
respond to queries and collect incoming replies. These queries
are generally not issued to particular nodes. Instead, attribute-
based or location-based naming is preferred.
For instance, "the locations of the nodes that sense temperature
higher than 70°F " is an attribute-based query. Similarly,
"temperatures read by the nodes in Region A" is an example for
location based naming.
Likewise, the sensor query and tasking language (SQTL) is
proposed as an application that provides even a larger set of
services. SQTL supports three types of events, which are defined
by keywords receive, every, and expire.
Sensor Data Communication Protocol
1. APPLICATION LAYER PROTOCOLS FOR WSNs

Receive keyword defines events generated by a sensor node

when the sensor node receives a message; every keyword
defines events occurred periodically due to a timer time-out; and
expire keyword defines the events occurred when a timer is
expired.
If a sensor node receives a message that is intended for it and
contains a script, the sensor node then executes the script.
Although SQTL is proposed, different types of SQDDP can be
developed for various applications.
The use of SQDDPs may be unique to each application.
Sensor Data Communication Protocol
2. TRANSPORT LAYER PROTOCOLS FOR WSNs

The main objectives of the transport layer are--

(i) to bridge application and network layers by application

multiplexing and demultiplexing;
(ii) to provide data delivery service between the source and the
sink with an error control mechanism tailored according to the
specific reliability requirement of the application layer; and
(iii) to regulate the amount of traffic injected to the network via
flow and congestion control mechanisms.

The energy, processing, and hardware limitations of the wireless

sensor nodes bring further constraints on the transport layer
protocol design.
Sensor Data Communication Protocol
2. TRANSPORT LAYER PROTOCOLS FOR WSNs

The main objectives and the desired features of the transport

layer protocols that can address the unique requirements of the
wireless sensor networks paradigm can be stated as follows--
•Reliable Transport
•Congestion Control
•Self-configuration
•Energy Awareness
•Biased Implementation
•Constrained Routing/Addressing

file:///C:/Users/Nitika/Desktop/9780387352695-c2.pdf
Radio Frequency Identification Technology
Radio-frequency identification (RFID) uses electromagnetic
fields to automatically identify and track tags attached to
objects. The tags contain electronically-stored information.
RFID is one method for Automatic Identification and Data
Capture (AIDC).
RFID refers to a wireless system comprised of two
components: tags and readers. The reader is a device that has
one or more antennas that emit radio waves and receive
signals back from the RFID tag.
RFID methods utilize radio waves to accomplish this. At
a simple level, RFID systems consist of three components: an
RFID tag or smart label, an RFID reader, and an antenna.
RFID tags contain an integrated circuit and an antenna, which
are used to transmit data to the RFID reader (also called an
interrogator).
 Wireless Sensor Network Technology
• Terrestrial WSNs. Terrestrial WSNs are capable of
communicating base stations efficiently, and consist of
hundreds to thousands of wireless sensor nodes
deployed either in unstructured (ad hoc) or structured
(Preplanned) manner. ...
• Underground WSNs. ...
• Under Water WSNs. ...
• Multimedia WSNs. ...
• Mobile WSNs.
 WSN Architecture

• The architecture of
the WSN includes
five layers and three
cross layers.
• These layers of the
WSN are used to
accomplish the n/w
and make the
sensors work
together in order to
raise the complete
efficiency of the
network.
• Application Layer
The application layer is liable for traffic management and offers
software for numerous applications that convert the data in a clear
form to find positive information. Sensor networks arranged in
numerous applications in different fields such as agricultural,
military, environment, medical, etc.
• Transport Layer
The function of the transport layer is to deliver congestion avoidance
and reliability where a lot of protocols intended to offer this function
are either practical on the upstream. These protocols use dissimilar
mechanisms for loss recognition and loss recovery. The transport
layer is exactly needed when a system is planned to contact other
networks.
Providing a reliable loss recovery is more energy efficient and that is
one of the main reasons why TCP is not fit for WSN. In general,
Transport layers can be separated into Packet driven, Event
driven. There are some popular protocols in the transport layer
namely STCP (Sensor Transmission Control Protocol), PORT
(Price-Oriented Reliable Transport Protocol and PSFQ (pump slow
fetch quick).
• Network Layer
The main function of the network layer is routing. Sensor don’t
have a universal ID and have to be self-organized.
The simple idea of the routing protocol is to explain a reliable lane
and redundant lanes, according to a convinced scale called
metric, which varies from protocol to protocol. There are a lot of
existing protocols for this network layer, they can be separate
into; flat routing and hierarchal routing or can be separated into
time driven, query-driven & event driven.
• Data Link Layer
The data link layer is liable for multiplexing data frame detection,
data streams, MAC, & error control, confirm the reliability of
point–point (or) point– multipoint.
• Physical Layer
The physical layer provides an edge for transferring a stream of
bits above physical medium. This layer is responsible for the
selection of frequency, generation of a carrier frequency, signal
detection, Modulation & data encryption. IEEE 802.15.4 is
suggested as typical for low rate particular areas & wireless
sensor network with low cost, power consumption, density, the
range of communication to improve the battery life.

CSMA/CA is used to support star & peer to peer topology.

Limitations of Wireless Sensor Networks

•Possess very little storage capacity – a few hundred

kilobytes
•Possess modest processing power-8MHz
•Works in short communication range – consumes a lot of
power
•Requires minimal energy – constrains protocols
•Have batteries with a finite life time
•Passive devices provide little energy
• Characteristics of Wireless Sensor Network
• The consumption of Power limits for nodes with batteries
• Capacity to handle with node failures
• Some mobility of nodes and Heterogeneity of nodes
• Scalability to large scale of distribution
• Capability to ensure strict environmental conditions
• Simple to use
• Cross-layer design
• Advantages of Wireless Sensor Networks
• Network arrangements can be carried out without immovable
infrastructure.
• Apt for the non-reachable places like mountains, over the sea,
rural areas and deep forests.
• Flexible if there is a casual situation when an additional
workstation is required.
• Execution pricing is inexpensive.
• It avoids plenty of wiring.
• It might provide accommodations for the new devices at any time.
• It can be opened by using a centralized monitoring.