CHEMICAL

BONDING
WHAT HOLDS ATOMS TOGETHER?

THE FORCE HOLDING PARTICLES

TOGETHER IS CALLED A CHEMICAL
BOND
TYPES OF BONDING

• 1. IONIC BONDING. This results when electrons are transferred from one atom to
another, forming positive and negative ions.
• 2. COVALENT BONDING. This results when atoms are joined together by sharing
electrons, forming molecules.
• 3. METALLIC BONDING. This is found in metals only.
IONIC BONDING

• DEFINITION:
• An ionic bond is the electrostatic force of attraction between oppositely charged ions in a
compound.
• The bond is formed between metals and non metals.
• Atoms of metals transfer their valence electrons to the atoms of non-metals to form
positive ions. Atoms of non metals gain electrons to form negative ions. A strong
electrostatic force of attraction between the oppositely charged ions holds them together.
This force of attraction is called an ionic bond.
 IONIC BONDING IN SODIUM CHLORIDE

Sodium is a metal, so the atoms of sodium lose their valence electrons to form positive ions.
Sodium is in group 1, therefore each sodium atom has one valence electron. This electron is
transferred to chlorine. As a result sodium forms the sodium ion, Na +
Chlorine is a non metal therefore it gains electron to attain a completely filled outer shell.
Chlorine is in group VII therefore each chlorine atom has seven valence electrons. Each
chlorine atom gains one electron from the sodium atoms to attain a completely filled outer
shell. As a result, chlorine forms the chloride ion, Cl -
DOT AND CROSS DIAGRAM SHOWING IONIC
BONDING IN SODIUM CHLORIDE
QUESTIONS

• By means of dot and cross diagrams, show the ionic bonding in

• 1. lithium fluoride
• 2. lithium chloride
• 3. sodium fluoride
• 4. Potassium fluoride
• 5. potassium chloride
QUESTIONS

• By means of dot and cross diagrams, show the ionic bonding in

• 1. calcium fluoride
• 2. calcium chloride
• 3. magnesium chloride
QUESTIONS

• By means of dot and cross diagrams, show the ionic bonding in

• 1. lithium oxide
• 2. magnesium oxide
• 3. sodium oxide
• 4. Potassium oxide
• 5. calcium oxide
• 6. magnesium sulfide
SHOWING VALENCE ELECTRONS ONLY IN
BONDING
• The formation of the ionic bonding can be done showing valence electrons only.
Remember the inner electrons do not take part in bonding.
IONIC BONDING IN SODIUM CHLORIDE
SHOWING VALENCE SHELLS ONLY
WRITING THE FORMULAE OF IONIC
COMPOUNDS

To work out the formula For each one, first show

of an ionic compound, the Write the formulae for the charges on the positive
positive and negative the following ionic and negative ions, then Examples:
charges in the compound compounds. write the formula of the
must balance. compound.

Li+ I- therefore the Mg2+ Br- therefore the

Lithium iodide: Magnesium bromide:
formula is LiI formula is MgBr2

Ca2+ S2- therefore the Rb+ O2- therefore the

Calcium sulphide: Rubidium oxide
formula is CaS formula is Rb2O
These are ions consisting of more than
one kind of atom.

POLYATOMIC
Example, the sulfate ion, SO42- It IONS
consists of one sulfur atom and four
oxygen atoms joined together. The
group of five atoms has a charge of 2-.

NB the charge is not on a particular

atom but is spread over all the five
atoms.
CHARACTERISTICS OF SIMPLE IONS AND
POLYATOMIC IONS
POLYATOMIC IONS….
NAMES AND FORMULAE OF SOME COMMON
IONS
 WRITING FORMULAE OF COMPOUNDS WITH
POLYATOMIC IONS
• Write formulae of the following ionic compounds. In each case, write the formulae of the positive and
negative ions, followed by the formula of the ionic compound.
• Sodium hydroxide sodium nitrite magnesium sulphite lithium hydroxide
• Sodium carbonate magnesium carbonate calcium nitrite potassium hydroxide
• Sodium sulfate calcium sulfate magnesium carbonate strontium nitrate
• Potassium nitrate calcium hydroxide calcium phosphate barium carbonate
• Potassium sulfite calcium nitrate aluminium sulfate sodium phosphate
• Aluminium hydroxide calcium carbonate magnesium nitrate magnesium hydroxide
• Sodium nitrate potassium nitrite barium hydroxide strontium carbonate
• Ammonium chloride ammonium nitrate ammonium sulfate ammonium carbonate
IONS WITH MORE THAN ONE POSSIBLE CHARGE

• Ions of group I, II and III metals form ions with charges of 1+, 2+ and 3+ respectively.
• Some metals form more than one kind of ion.
• To name each ion, Roman numerals indicating the number of charges are placed
immediately after the name of the metal.
• Example: iron forms iron (II) ions, Fe2+ , and iron (III) ions, Fe3+
• If a metal forms only one type of ion, Roman numerals are not needed.
IONS WITH MORE THAN ONE POSSIBLE CHARGE

Name Formula
Iron (II) Fe2+
Iron (III) Fe3+
Copper (I) Cu1+
Copper (II) Cu2+
Lead (II) Pb2+
Lead (IV) Pb4+
Tin (II) Sn2+
Tin (IV) Sn4+
 WRITE FORMULAE OF THE FOLLOWING IONIC COMPOUNDS. IN EACH
CASE, WRITE THE FORMULAE OF THE POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE IONS,
FOLLOWED BY THE FORMULA OF THE IONIC COMPOUND.

• Iron (II) oxide copper (II) sulfate copper (II) carbonate

• Iron (III) oxide copper (II) hydroxide lead(II) hydroxide
• Copper (I) oxide iron (II) nitrate copper(II) nitrate
• Copper (II) oxide iron (II) sulfate iron (II) chloride
• Iron (III) chlorideiron (III) sulfate lead (II) iodide
• Copper (II) chloride lead (II) nitrate lead (II) chloride
• Lead (II) oxide tin (IV) oxide
• Lead (IV) oxide tin (II) oxide
COVALENT BONDING

• Definition: A covalent bond is formed by the sharing of a pair of electrons.

• This happens between atoms of non metals.
• In forming covalent bonds, each atom attains the electronic configuration of a noble gas.
COVALENT BONDING

A. Covalent bonding in elements

• Eg H2 F2 Cl2 Br2 I2 FOR ALL OF THESE A PAIR OF ELECTRONS IS

SHARED BETWEEN THE BONDING ATOMS.
• O2 TWO PAIRS OF ELECTRONS ARE SHARED BETWEEN THE BONDING
ATOMS
• N2 THREE PAIRS OF ELECTRONS ARE SHARED BETWEEN THE BONDING
ATOMS
COVALENT BONDING

• B. COVALENT BONDING IN COMPOUNDS